Array operations.
The labeled version of this module can be used as described in the StdLabels module.
get a n returns the element number n of array a. The first element has number 0. The last element has number length a - 1. You can also write a.(n) instead of get a n.
set a n x modifies array a in place, replacing element number n with x. You can also write a.(n) <- x instead of set a n x.
make n x returns a fresh array of length n, initialized with x. All the elements of this new array are initially physically equal to x (in the sense of the == predicate). Consequently, if x is mutable, it is shared among all elements of the array, and modifying x through one of the array entries will modify all other entries at the same time.
create_float n returns a fresh float array of length n, with uninitialized data.
init n f returns a fresh array of length n, with element number i initialized to the result of f i. In other terms, init n f tabulates the results of f applied in order to the integers 0 to n-1.
make_matrix dimx dimy e returns a two-dimensional array (an array of arrays) with first dimension dimx and second dimension dimy. All the elements of this new matrix are initially physically equal to e. The element (x,y) of a matrix m is accessed with the notation m.(x).(y).
init_matrix dimx dimy f returns a two-dimensional array (an array of arrays) with first dimension dimx and second dimension dimy, where the element at index (x,y) is initialized with f x y. The element (x,y) of a matrix m is accessed with the notation m.(x).(y).
append v1 v2 returns a fresh array containing the concatenation of the arrays v1 and v2.
Same as append, but concatenates a list of arrays.
sub a pos len returns a fresh array of length len, containing the elements number pos to pos + len - 1 of array a.
copy a returns a copy of a, that is, a fresh array containing the same elements as a.
fill a pos len x modifies the array a in place, storing x in elements number pos to pos + len - 1.
blit src src_pos dst dst_pos len copies len elements from array src, starting at element number src_pos, to array dst, starting at element number dst_pos. It works correctly even if src and dst are the same array, and the source and destination chunks overlap.
iter f a applies function f in turn to all the elements of a. It is equivalent to f a.(0); f a.(1); ...; f a.(length a - 1); ().
Same as iter, but the function is applied to the index of the element as first argument, and the element itself as second argument.
map f a applies function f to all the elements of a, and builds an array with the results returned by f: [| f a.(0); f a.(1); ...; f a.(length a - 1) |].
map_inplace f a applies function f to all elements of a, and updates their values in place.
Same as map, but the function is applied to the index of the element as first argument, and the element itself as second argument.
Same as map_inplace, but the function is applied to the index of the element as first argument, and the element itself as second argument.
fold_left f init a computes f (... (f (f init a.(0)) a.(1)) ...) a.(n-1), where n is the length of the array a.
fold_right f a init computes f a.(0) (f a.(1) ( ... (f a.(n-1) init) ...)), where n is the length of the array a.
iter2 f a b applies function f to all the elements of a and b.
map2 f a b applies function f to all the elements of a and b, and builds an array with the results returned by f: [| f a.(0) b.(0); ...; f a.(length a - 1) b.(length b - 1)|].
for_all f [|a1; ...; an|] checks if all elements of the array satisfy the predicate f. That is, it returns (f a1) && (f a2) && ... && (f an).
exists f [|a1; ...; an|] checks if at least one element of the array satisfies the predicate f. That is, it returns (f a1) || (f a2) || ... || (f an).
Same as for_all, but for a two-argument predicate.
Same as exists, but for a two-argument predicate.
mem a set is true if and only if a is structurally equal to an element of set (i.e. there is an x in set such that compare a x = 0).
Same as mem, but uses physical equality instead of structural equality to compare array elements.
find_opt f a returns the first element of the array a that satisfies the predicate f, or None if there is no value that satisfies f in the array a.
find_index f a returns Some i, where i is the index of the first element of the array a that satisfies f x, if there is such an element.
It returns None if there is no such element.
find_map f a applies f to the elements of a in order, and returns the first result of the form Some v, or None if none exist.
Same as find_map, but the predicate is applied to the index of the element as first argument (counting from 0), and the element itself as second argument.
split [|(a1,b1); ...; (an,bn)|] is ([|a1; ...; an|], [|b1; ...; bn|]).
combine [|a1; ...; an|] [|b1; ...; bn|] is [|(a1,b1); ...; (an,bn)|]. Raise Invalid_argument if the two arrays have different lengths.
Sort an array in increasing order according to a comparison function. The comparison function must return 0 if its arguments compare as equal, a positive integer if the first is greater, and a negative integer if the first is smaller (see below for a complete specification). For example, Stdlib.compare is a suitable comparison function. After calling sort, the array is sorted in place in increasing order. sort is guaranteed to run in constant heap space and (at most) logarithmic stack space.
The current implementation uses Heap Sort. It runs in constant stack space.
Specification of the comparison function: Let a be the array and cmp the comparison function. The following must be true for all x, y, z in a :
cmp x y > 0 if and only if cmp y x < 0cmp x y >= 0 and cmp y z >= 0 then cmp x z >= 0When sort returns, a contains the same elements as before, reordered in such a way that for all i and j valid indices of a :
cmp a.(i) a.(j) >= 0 if and only if i >= jSame as sort, but the sorting algorithm is stable (i.e. elements that compare equal are kept in their original order) and not guaranteed to run in constant heap space.
The current implementation uses Merge Sort. It uses a temporary array of length n/2, where n is the length of the array. It is usually faster than the current implementation of sort.
Same as sort or stable_sort, whichever is faster on typical input.
shuffle rand a randomly permutes a's element using rand for randomness. The distribution of permutations is uniform. rand must be such that a call to rand n returns a uniformly distributed random number in the range [0;n-1]. Random.int can be used for this (do not forget to initialize the generator).
val to_seq : 'a array -> 'a Seq.tIterate on the array, in increasing order. Modifications of the array during iteration will be reflected in the sequence.
val to_seqi : 'a array -> (int * 'a) Seq.tIterate on the array, in increasing order, yielding indices along elements. Modifications of the array during iteration will be reflected in the sequence.
val of_seq : 'a Seq.t -> 'a arrayCreate an array from the generator
Care must be taken when concurrently accessing arrays from multiple domains: accessing an array will never crash a program, but unsynchronized accesses might yield surprising (non-sequentially-consistent) results.
Every array operation that accesses more than one array element is not atomic. This includes iteration, scanning, sorting, splitting and combining arrays.
For example, consider the following program:
let size = 100_000_000
let a = Array.make size 1
let d1 = Domain.spawn (fun () ->
Array.iteri (fun i x -> a.(i) <- x + 1) a
)
let d2 = Domain.spawn (fun () ->
Array.iteri (fun i x -> a.(i) <- 2 * x + 1) a
)
let () = Domain.join d1; Domain.join d2After executing this code, each field of the array a is either 2, 3, 4 or 5. If atomicity is required, then the user must implement their own synchronization (for example, using Mutex.t).
If two domains only access disjoint parts of the array, then the observed behaviour is the equivalent to some sequential interleaving of the operations from the two domains.
A data race is said to occur when two domains access the same array element without synchronization and at least one of the accesses is a write. In the absence of data races, the observed behaviour is equivalent to some sequential interleaving of the operations from different domains.
Whenever possible, data races should be avoided by using synchronization to mediate the accesses to the array elements.
Indeed, in the presence of data races, programs will not crash but the observed behaviour may not be equivalent to any sequential interleaving of operations from different domains. Nevertheless, even in the presence of data races, a read operation will return the value of some prior write to that location (with a few exceptions for float arrays).
Float arrays have two supplementary caveats in the presence of data races.
First, the blit operation might copy an array byte-by-byte. Data races between such a blit operation and another operation might produce surprising values due to tearing: partial writes interleaved with other operations can create float values that would not exist with a sequential execution.
For instance, at the end of
let zeros = Array.make size 0.
let max_floats = Array.make size Float.max_float
let res = Array.copy zeros
let d1 = Domain.spawn (fun () -> Array.blit zeros 0 res 0 size)
let d2 = Domain.spawn (fun () -> Array.blit max_floats 0 res 0 size)
let () = Domain.join d1; Domain.join d2the res array might contain values that are neither 0. nor max_float.
Second, on 32-bit architectures, getting or setting a field involves two separate memory accesses. In the presence of data races, the user may observe tearing on any operation.