module Bigarray:sig..end
Large, multi-dimensional, numerical arrays.
This module implements multi-dimensional arrays of integers and
floating-point numbers, thereafter referred to as 'Bigarrays',
to distinguish them from the standard OCaml arrays described in
Array.
The implementation allows efficient sharing of large numerical arrays between OCaml code and C or Fortran numerical libraries.
The main differences between 'Bigarrays' and standard OCaml arrays are as follows:
Users of this module are encouraged to do open Bigarray in their
source, then refer to array types and operations via short dot
notation, e.g. Array1.t or Array2.sub.
Bigarrays support all the OCaml ad-hoc polymorphic operations:
=, <>, <=, etc, as well as compare);Hash);Marshal module, as well as output_value
and input_value).Bigarrays can contain elements of the following kinds:
Bigarray.float16_elt),Bigarray.float32_elt),Bigarray.float64_elt),Bigarray.complex32_elt),Bigarray.complex64_elt),Bigarray.int8_signed_elt or Bigarray.int8_unsigned_elt),Bigarray.int16_signed_elt or Bigarray.int16_unsigned_elt),Bigarray.int_elt),Bigarray.int32_elt),Bigarray.int64_elt),Bigarray.nativeint_elt).Each element kind is represented at the type level by one of the
*_elt types defined below (defined with a single constructor instead
of abstract types for technical injectivity reasons).
type
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Float16_elt |
type
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Float32_elt |
type
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Float64_elt |
type
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Int8_signed_elt |
type
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Int8_unsigned_elt |
type
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Int16_signed_elt |
type
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Int16_unsigned_elt |
type
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Int32_elt |
type
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Int64_elt |
type
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Int_elt |
type
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Nativeint_elt |
type
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Complex32_elt |
type
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Complex64_elt |
type ('a, 'b) kind =
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Float32 : |
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Float64 : |
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Int8_signed : |
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Int8_unsigned : |
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Int16_signed : |
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Int16_unsigned : |
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Int32 : |
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Int64 : |
| |
Int : |
| |
Nativeint : |
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Complex32 : |
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Complex64 : |
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Char : |
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Float16 : |
To each element kind is associated an OCaml type, which is
the type of OCaml values that can be stored in the Bigarray
or read back from it. This type is not necessarily the same
as the type of the array elements proper: for instance,
a Bigarray whose elements are of kind float32_elt contains
32-bit single precision floats, but reading or writing one of
its elements from OCaml uses the OCaml type float, which is
64-bit double precision floats.
The GADT type ('a, 'b) kind captures this association
of an OCaml type 'a for values read or written in the Bigarray,
and of an element kind 'b which represents the actual contents
of the Bigarray. Its constructors list all possible associations
of OCaml types with element kinds, and are re-exported below for
backward-compatibility reasons.
Using a generalized algebraic datatype (GADT) here allows writing well-typed polymorphic functions whose return type depend on the argument type, such as:
let zero : type a b. (a, b) kind -> a = function
| Float32 -> 0.0 | Complex32 -> Complex.zero
| Float64 -> 0.0 | Complex64 -> Complex.zero
| Float16 -> 0.0
| Int8_signed -> 0 | Int8_unsigned -> 0
| Int16_signed -> 0 | Int16_unsigned -> 0
| Int32 -> 0l | Int64 -> 0L
| Int -> 0 | Nativeint -> 0n
| Char -> '\000'
val float16 : (float, float16_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val float32 : (float, float32_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val float64 : (float, float64_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val complex32 : (Complex.t, complex32_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val complex64 : (Complex.t, complex64_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val int8_signed : (int, int8_signed_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val int8_unsigned : (int, int8_unsigned_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val int16_signed : (int, int16_signed_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val int16_unsigned : (int, int16_unsigned_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val int : (int, int_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val int32 : (int32, int32_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val int64 : (int64, int64_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val nativeint : (nativeint, nativeint_elt) kindSee Bigarray.char.
val char : (char, int8_unsigned_elt) kindAs shown by the types of the values above,
Bigarrays of kind float16_elt, float32_elt and float64_elt are
accessed using the OCaml type float. Bigarrays of complex kinds
complex32_elt, complex64_elt are accessed with the OCaml type
Complex.t. Bigarrays of
integer kinds are accessed using the smallest OCaml integer
type large enough to represent the array elements:
int for 8- and 16-bit integer Bigarrays, as well as OCaml-integer
Bigarrays; int32 for 32-bit integer Bigarrays; int64
for 64-bit integer Bigarrays; and nativeint for
platform-native integer Bigarrays. Finally, Bigarrays of
kind int8_unsigned_elt can also be accessed as arrays of
characters instead of arrays of small integers, by using
the kind value char instead of int8_unsigned.
val kind_size_in_bytes : ('a, 'b) kind -> intkind_size_in_bytes k is the number of bytes used to store
an element of type k.
type
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C_layout_typ |
type
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Fortran_layout_typ |
To facilitate interoperability with existing C and Fortran code, this library supports two different memory layouts for Bigarrays, one compatible with the C conventions, the other compatible with the Fortran conventions.
In the C-style layout, array indices start at 0, and
multi-dimensional arrays are laid out in row-major format.
That is, for a two-dimensional array, all elements of
row 0 are contiguous in memory, followed by all elements of
row 1, etc. In other terms, the array elements at (x,y)
and (x, y+1) are adjacent in memory.
In the Fortran-style layout, array indices start at 1, and
multi-dimensional arrays are laid out in column-major format.
That is, for a two-dimensional array, all elements of
column 0 are contiguous in memory, followed by all elements of
column 1, etc. In other terms, the array elements at (x,y)
and (x+1, y) are adjacent in memory.
Each layout style is identified at the type level by the
phantom types Bigarray.c_layout and Bigarray.fortran_layout
respectively.
The GADT type 'a layout represents one of the two supported
memory layouts: C-style or Fortran-style. Its constructors are
re-exported as values below for backward-compatibility reasons.
type 'a layout =
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C_layout : |
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Fortran_layout : |
val c_layout : c_layout layout
val fortran_layout : fortran_layout layoutmodule Genarray:sig..end
module Array0:sig..end
Zero-dimensional arrays.
module Array1:sig..end
One-dimensional arrays.
module Array2:sig..end
Two-dimensional arrays.
module Array3:sig..end
Three-dimensional arrays.
val genarray_of_array0 : ('a, 'b, 'c) Array0.t -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.tReturn the generic Bigarray corresponding to the given zero-dimensional Bigarray.
val genarray_of_array1 : ('a, 'b, 'c) Array1.t -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.tReturn the generic Bigarray corresponding to the given one-dimensional Bigarray.
val genarray_of_array2 : ('a, 'b, 'c) Array2.t -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.tReturn the generic Bigarray corresponding to the given two-dimensional Bigarray.
val genarray_of_array3 : ('a, 'b, 'c) Array3.t -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.tReturn the generic Bigarray corresponding to the given three-dimensional Bigarray.
val array0_of_genarray : ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.t -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Array0.tReturn the zero-dimensional Bigarray corresponding to the given generic Bigarray.
Invalid_argument if the generic Bigarray
does not have exactly zero dimension.val array1_of_genarray : ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.t -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Array1.tReturn the one-dimensional Bigarray corresponding to the given generic Bigarray.
Invalid_argument if the generic Bigarray
does not have exactly one dimension.val array2_of_genarray : ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.t -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Array2.tReturn the two-dimensional Bigarray corresponding to the given generic Bigarray.
Invalid_argument if the generic Bigarray
does not have exactly two dimensions.val array3_of_genarray : ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.t -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Array3.tReturn the three-dimensional Bigarray corresponding to the given generic Bigarray.
Invalid_argument if the generic Bigarray
does not have exactly three dimensions.val reshape : ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.t ->
int array -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.treshape b [|d1;...;dN|] converts the Bigarray b to a
N-dimensional array of dimensions d1...dN. The returned
array and the original array b share their data
and have the same layout. For instance, assuming that b
is a one-dimensional array of dimension 12, reshape b [|3;4|]
returns a two-dimensional array b' of dimensions 3 and 4.
If b has C layout, the element (x,y) of b' corresponds
to the element x * 3 + y of b. If b has Fortran layout,
the element (x,y) of b' corresponds to the element
x + (y - 1) * 4 of b.
The returned Bigarray must have exactly the same number of
elements as the original Bigarray b. That is, the product
of the dimensions of b must be equal to i1 * ... * iN.
Otherwise, Invalid_argument is raised.
val reshape_0 : ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.t -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Array0.tSpecialized version of Bigarray.reshape for reshaping to
zero-dimensional arrays.
val reshape_1 : ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.t -> int -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Array1.tSpecialized version of Bigarray.reshape for reshaping to
one-dimensional arrays.
val reshape_2 : ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.t ->
int -> int -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Array2.tSpecialized version of Bigarray.reshape for reshaping to
two-dimensional arrays.
val reshape_3 : ('a, 'b, 'c) Genarray.t ->
int -> int -> int -> ('a, 'b, 'c) Array3.tSpecialized version of Bigarray.reshape for reshaping to
three-dimensional arrays.
Care must be taken when concurrently accessing bigarrays from multiple domains: accessing a bigarray will never crash a program, but unsynchronized accesses might yield surprising (non-sequentially-consistent) results.
Every bigarray operation that accesses more than one array element is not atomic. This includes slicing, bliting, and filling bigarrays.
For example, consider the following program:
open Bigarray
let size = 100_000_000
let a = Array1.init Int C_layout size (fun _ -> 1)
let update f a () =
for i = 0 to size - 1 do a.{i} <- f a.{i} done
let d1 = Domain.spawn (update (fun x -> x + 1) a)
let d2 = Domain.spawn (update (fun x -> 2 * x + 1) a)
let () = Domain.join d1; Domain.join d2
After executing this code, each field of the bigarray a is either 2,
3, 4 or 5. If atomicity is required, then the user must implement
their own synchronization (for example, using Mutex.t).
If two domains only access disjoint parts of the bigarray, then the observed behaviour is the equivalent to some sequential interleaving of the operations from the two domains.
A data race is said to occur when two domains access the same bigarray element without synchronization and at least one of the accesses is a write. In the absence of data races, the observed behaviour is equivalent to some sequential interleaving of the operations from different domains.
Whenever possible, data races should be avoided by using synchronization to mediate the accesses to the bigarray elements.
Indeed, in the presence of data races, programs will not crash but the observed behaviour may not be equivalent to any sequential interleaving of operations from different domains.
Bigarrays have a distinct caveat in the presence of data races: concurrent bigarray operations might produce surprising values due to tearing. More precisely, the interleaving of partial writes and reads might create values that would not exist with a sequential execution. For instance, at the end of
let res = Array1.init Complex64 c_layout size (fun _ -> Complex.zero)
let d1 = Domain.spawn (fun () -> Array1.fill res Complex.one)
let d2 = Domain.spawn (fun () -> Array1.fill res Complex.i)
let () = Domain.join d1; Domain.join d2
the res bigarray might contain values that are neither Complex.i
nor Complex.one (for instance 1 + i).