async_kernel v0.12.0 · OCaml Package

git version

Deferred.Memo no longer requires the key to be of_sexp'able.
rename paramater of Pipe.merge from cmp to compare.
Added Pipe.fork function, to transfer the read values into two freshly-created readers
Deprecate Synchronous_time_source.alarm_upper_bound in favor of Synchronous_time_source.max_allowed_alarm_time.
Add get_bind_to_interface function to read current status of SO_BINDTODEVICE socket option. Make both bind_to_interface and get_bind_to_interface use new type Bound_interface_name.t for its argument/return value.

v0.11

Removed a number of modules from Async_kernel.Async_kernel_private. Exposed some modules directly in Async_kernel:
- Async_kernel_scheduler
- Persistent_connection (as Async_kernel_persistent_connection)
- Require_explicit_time_source (as Async_kernel_require_explicit_time_source)
Changed the return types in Deferred_memo to emphasis the correct staging, using the type 'a Staged.t.

v0.10

Added Pipe.singleton function, for creating a pipe filled with a single element.
Removed a per-cycle allocation from the Async scheduler.
Added Synchronous_time_source.timing_wheel_now, which removes the special behavior of now for the wall-clock time source.
Removed some type aliases from Deferred submodules: Array.t, List.t, Queue.t, Sequence.t.

v0.9

113.43.00

Export Time_source from Async_kernel.
Name the non-t arguments to Error.tag and similar functions to allow easier partial application.
Name the non-t arguments to Error.tag and similar functions to allow easier partial application.
Switched if-then-else style from:
if test then begin E1; E2; end else begin E3; E4; end
to:
if test then ( E1; E2) else ( E3; E4);
This style puts keywords at the start of lines and closing delimiters at the end. And makes it lighter-weight to be more consistent about using the delimiters.
Switched Async_kernel from >>= and >>| to let%bind and let%map, where appropriate.
Mirroring Or_error.error_s, like several of the other Or_error functions are mirrored
Improved a unit test in Pipe.
Removed from Monitor.try_with's implementation the use of Deferred.choose, which is very costly in terms of allocation and memory use.
Reworked the implementation of Monitor.try_with and related functions, using a new underlying concept, Ok_and_exns, which represents the output of a computation running in a detached monitor, i.e.:
type 'a t = { ok : 'a Deferred.t ; exns : exn Stream.t }
Using this explicit type simplifies reasoning, as compared to implicit monitor error streams.
Some minor cleanup in core_kernel/src/scheduler.ml.
Added Scheduler.make_async_unusable.
Added Pipe.create_reader, which is like Pipe.init, but has different behavior w.r.t. f raising. It forces the caller to choose the behavior on raise to avoid subtle bugs related to closing the reading end. The comment recommends ~close_on_exception:false.
val create_reader : close_on_exception:bool -> ('a Writer.t -> unit Deferred.t) -> 'a Reader.t
A child feature deprecates init and replaces calls with create_reader ~close_on_exception:true.
Pipe.init_reader was renamed to Pipe.create_writer so that the names are consistent. Its behaviour was not changed: it also closes the pipe if f raises, but here this is probably what you want, so that the writer is notified that the reader is dead.
Changed Pipe.of_sequence, which is implemented with create_reader, to use ~close_on_exception:false. This seems like an improvement, because it won't treat raising as end of sequence.
Changed Pipe.unfold, which is implemented with create_reader, to use the ~close_on_exception:false. This shouldn't be a problem, because unfold is barely used. And it was never specified what f raising means. It seems fine to not treat raising as end-of-sequence, because unfold already has a way to express end-of-sequence.
Here's some more explanation of motivation for the change. In the current world, Pipe.init looks like this:
let init f = let r, w = create () in don't_wait_for (Monitor.protect (fun () -> f w) ~finally:(fun () -> close w; Deferred.unit)); r ;;
This means that if f raises, then the pipe is both closed and the exception is sent to the monitor active when init was called.
If you have something (like Pipe.fold_without_pushback) consuming the pipe, the exception being delivered can race against the fold finishing, and you could end up missing it. Moreover, the race seems to reliably go in the direction you don't want:
$ cat pipes.ml #!/some/path/jane-script run open Core.Std open Async.Std
let main () = Monitor.try_with_or_error (fun () -> Pipe.init (fun _writer -> assert false) |> Pipe.fold_without_pushback ~init:() ~f:(fun () () -> ()) ) >>= fun res -> printf !"Result: %{sexp:unit Or_error.t}\n" res; exit 0
let () = don't_wait_for (main ()); never_returns (Scheduler.go ())
$ ./pipes.ml Result: (Ok ()) 2015-10-21 15:42:22.494737+01:00 Error Exception raised to Monitor.try_with that already returned (monitor.ml.Error_ ((exn "Assert_failure /home/toto/pipes.ml:7:30") snip
Deprecated Pipe.init and replaced its uses with the semantically equivalent:
Pipe.create_reader ~close_on_exception:true
See the parent feature for an explanation of why Pipe.init had the wrong default behavior.
If this is the third time you're reading this feature, please accept my apologies! Review of this feature produced requests for the parent feature.
Adds phantom type to Validated as witness of invariant
The witness prevents types from different applications of the Validated functors from unifying with one another.
add compare to pipe on the internal id
Added Bvar, a new basic data structure, to Async.
Bvar is like an Ivar that can be filled multiple times, or can be thought of as a condition variable that supports broadcast but does not support signal.
Switch the implementation of Scheduler.yield to use a Bvar.t
Adds Scheduler.yield_until_no_jobs_remain which is determined when the transitive closure of all currently runnable jobs and jobs that become runnable in the process of their execution have been run to completion.
This differs from Scheduler.yield whose result is determined as soon as the scheduler has completed the current cycle.
Monad.Let_syntax.return
Added to Monad.Syntax.Let_syntax:
val return : 'a -> 'a t
so that when one does:
open Some_random_monad.Let_syntax
return is in scope.
Added Bvar.invariant.
Moved the newly introduced expect test from Async_kernel to Async_kernel_test, to avoid having Async_kernel depend on Unix, which breaks the 32-bit build.
An experiment to make async errors more readable.
Before:
(monitor.ml.Error_ ((exn (Failure "something went wrong")) (backtrace ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "deferred0.ml", line 64, characters 64-69" "Called from file "job_queue.ml", line 160, characters 6-47" "")) (monitor (((name try_with) (here ()) (id 2) (has_seen_error true) (is_detached true))))))
(monitor.ml.Error_ ((exn (Failure "something went wrong")) (backtrace ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "deferred0.ml", line 64, characters 64-69" "Called from file "job_queue.ml", line 160, characters 6-47" "")) (monitor (((name foo) (here (lib/async/a.ml:13:56)) (id 2) (has_seen_error true) (is_detached true))))))
After:
(monitor.ml.Error (Failure "something went wrong") ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "deferred0.ml", line 64, characters 64-69" "Called from file "job_queue.ml", line 160, characters 6-47")))
(monitor.ml.Error (Failure "something went wrong") ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "deferred0.ml", line 64, characters 64-69" "Called from file "job_queue.ml", line 160, characters 6-47" "Caught by monitor foo at file "lib/async/a.ml", line 13, characters 56-56"))
So:
- remove the trailing "" in the backtrace
- remove the ugly underscore in the exception name
- remove the monitor when it contains nothing useful
- when the monitor contains something useful, namely name or position, just stick that information in the rest of the backtrace
- remove the fields exception, backtrace, monitor. It's ok in the code, but in the sexp it doesn't add much.
- remove the names for the monitors from Monitor.try_with, Deferred.Or_error.try_with and Deferred.Or_error.try_with_join since they are so common they contain no information
A child feature tries to remove the useless bits of backtraces, since they can represent a significant source of noise (in the examples above, the whole backtraces are noise).
Added module Async.Std.Require_explicit_time_source, so that one can require code to be explicit about what time source is used and not unintentionally use the wall clock. The idiom is to do:
open! Require_explicit_time_source
or, in an import.ml:
include Require_explicit_time_source
Added a test demonstrating a space leak in Monitor.try_with, in which the Ok result is held on to by background jobs.
Added Async_kernel.Ivar_filler a new module that is a reference to an ivar that allows one to fill the ivar, but not to read it. This allows the implementation to drop the reference to the ivar once it is full, which can be useful to avoid holding onto unused memory.
This will be used to fix the space leak in Monitor.try_with.
Fixed the space leak in Monitor.try_with, using an Ivar_filler to avoid holding on to memory unnecessarily.
Here are the allocation numbers for lib/async/bench/try_with.ml at the base and tip of the feature.
```
|                | base | tip |
|----------------+------+-----|
| minor words    |  113 | 120 |
| promoted words |   74 |  78 |
| live words     |   71 |  75 |
```
Unsurprisingly, the Ivar_filler costs a little. But not as much as switching the implementation back to choose.
Remove more noise from the async errors, namely useless backtraces that say things like "and this is called in the scheduler, in Deferred.bind". We already know the error comes from async from the monitor.ml.Error line. Also this is frequently repeated, when several monitor errors are nested, making things worse.
Here is a synthetic example: before:
((monitor.ml.Error (Failure "something went wrong") ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "a.ml", line 16, characters 17-48" "Called from file "deferred0.ml", line 64, characters 64-69" "Called from file "job_queue.ml", line 160, characters 6-47")) (monitor.ml.Error (Failure "something went wrong") ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "a.ml", line 22, characters 26-57" "Called from file "deferred1.ml", line 14, characters 63-68" "Called from file "job_queue.ml", line 160, characters 6-47")) (monitor.ml.Error (Failure "something went wrong") ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "monitor.ml", line 256, characters 42-51" "Called from file "job_queue.ml", line 160, characters 6-47")) (monitor.ml.Error (Failure "something went wrong") ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "a.ml", line 29, characters 26-57" "Called from file "result.ml", line 105, characters 9-15")))
after:
((monitor.ml.Error (Failure "something went wrong") ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "a.ml", line 16, characters 17-48")) (monitor.ml.Error (Failure "something went wrong") ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "a.ml", line 22, characters 26-57")) (monitor.ml.Error (Failure "something went wrong") ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33")) (monitor.ml.Error (Failure "something went wrong") ("Raised at file "pervasives.ml", line 30, characters 22-33" "Called from file "a.ml", line 29, characters 26-57" "Called from file "result.ml", line 105, characters 9-15")))

113.33.00

In Pipe, deprecated read_at_most and read_now_at_most, and replaced them with read' and read_now', respectively.
Reverted a recent feature that changed Pipe's default max_queue_length from Int.max_value to 100. It looks like 100 is to small to keep Pipe overhead to a minimum -- we saw a noticeable slowdown in Async.Log. We're going to do some more benchmarking and try to reduce the overhead and choose a better number.
Added Async.Std.Let_syntax = Deferred.Let_syntax, which makes it possible to use %bind and %map after open Async.Std.
This required fixing a few places where the new Let_syntax in scope shadowed Command.Param.Let_syntax.
Improve stacktrace for unhandle async exception in js_of_ocaml.
Wrapping the unhandle exception with Error.create will serialize this exception and prevent us to have good error reporting in Js_of_ocaml.
Reworked Async_kernel's clock handling to make it possible to use a notion of time distinct from the wall-clock time used by Clock_ns and maintained by the Async scheduler. There is now a self-contained Time_source module, a data structure that holds a timing-wheel. All of the code that was in Clock_ns and implicitly used the Async scheduler and its timing wheel is now in Time_source, and is suitably parameterized to work on an arbitrary time source with an arbitrary timing wheel. Clock_ns is now a wrapper around Time_source that implicitly uses the Async scheduler's time source.
Time_source still uses the Async scheduler for running jobs that fire -- the new power comes from the user being able to advance time distinctly from the wall clock.
Changed Time_source.sexp_of_t to display "<wall_clock>" for the wall-clock time source. We don't want to display the events because that can be ridiculously large.
And, for non-wall-clock time sources, don't show the Job.ts in events, because they are uninformative pool pointers.
Added Time_source.advance_by.
Added Time_source.alarm_precision.

Added to Async.Scheduler Time_ns analogs of cycle_start and cycle_times:

val cycle_start_ns : unit -> Time_ns.t
val cycle_times_ns : unit -> Time_ns.Span.t Stream.t

Add Deferred.map_choice for transforming the output of Deferred.choice.
Remove an avoidable call to is_determined in Deferred.value_exn. The patch is meant to preserve current error messages without adding any allocation overhead compared to the existing.
Context: implementation of Eager_deferred in the works that essentially wants to redefine map, bind, etc, in the following way:
```
let map t ~f =
  if Deferred.is_determined t
  then return (f (Deferred.value_exn t))
  else Deferred.map t ~f
;;
```
Add Pipe.read_choice to encode the appropriate way of combining values_available and read_now to conditionally read from a pipe.

113.24.00

N.B. some interface change in Core (notably to Hashtbl and Map) implied some interface change in this package as well, although they are not mentionned in this changelog.

Switched to ppx.
Improved the Async scheduler's to allocate a handle_fired function once, rather than every time it calls advance_clock.
Removed configurability of Monitor's try_with-ignored-exception handling, i.e. removed Monitor.try_with_rest_handling and Monitor.try_with_ignored_exn_handling.
The behavior of exceptions raised to a monitor after it returns is unchanged -- i.e. they are logged, as they have been since 112.28.
Changed Monitor.try_with's ?rest argument from:
?rest : Ignore | Raise ?rest : Log | Raise
This naming reflects the fact that subsequent exceptions are logged, not ignored.
In Async_kernel, moved Scheduler.set_execution_context from the Types.Scheduler module to its own file. Because Types is a module rec, set_execution_context hadn't been inlined and was called via caml_apply2. In its own file, it will be inlined.
This release creates a new scheduler0.ml, and moves the old scheduler0.ml to scheduler1.ml.
Fixed a space leak in Pipe due to a pipe holding pointers to its upstream_flusheds after they are closed. The leak shows up in Pipe.transfer and related functions, e.g. with:
Pipe.transfer temporary_pipe long_lived_pipe
called repeatedly, in which long_lived_pipe would accumulate a large number of upstream_flusheds.
The fix is to maintain upstream_flusheds as a Bag.t, and to remove an upstream pipe when it is closed.
Implement Pipe.of_sequence
Improved the error message when an exception is raised to a Monitor.try_with that has returned before Async has initialized Monitor.try_with_log_exn.
Improved the implementation of Monitor.get_next_error, by replacing the monitor's list of handlers:
; mutable handlers_for_next_error : (exn -> unit) list
with a single ivar:
; mutable next_error : exn Ivar.t
I think this wasn't done originally because of a dependency cycle. But now that we have types.ml, we can do the clear thing.
Improved the implementation of Monitor exception handling, i.e. detach_and_iter_errorsto make it clear that Monitor.send_exn does not run user code -- it only schedules jobs.
Fix an error message in Pipe to match the condition that led to it.
Add a new pipe constructor:
val unfold : 'b -> f:('b -> ('a * 'b) option Deferred.t) -> 'a Reader.t
unfold is more powerful than the combination of
Useful for, e.g., creating a pipe of natural numbers:
Pipe.unfold 0 ~f:(fun n -> return (Some (n, n+1)))
Add Deferred.Map.all similar to Deferred.List.all.
This does what you would expect:
val all : ('a, 'b Deferred.t, 'cmp) Map.t -> ('a, 'b, 'cmp) Map.t Deferred.t
Added some simple functions that seem missing from Deferred and Ivar.
val Ivar.peek : 'a t -> 'a option val Ivar.value_exn : 'a t -> 'a val Deferred.value_exn : 'a t -> 'a
Add Monitor.catch_error, which provides error handling for processes/subsystems intended to run forever.
Added to the Async scheduler a configurable:
min_inter_cycle_timeout : Time_ns.Span.t
When scheduler calls epoll(), it uses a timeout of at least min_inter_cycle_timeout.
min_inter_cycle_timeout can be configured via ASYNC_CONFIG or via
val Scheduler.set_min_inter_cycle_timeout : Time_ns.Span.t -> unit
This allows one to tweak the scheduler to be more fair w.r.t. threads, e.g. with:
Scheduler.set_min_inter_cycle_timeout <- Time_ns.Span.of_us 1.;
Optimized Scheduler.schedule' to avoid a closure allocation.
Removed Monitor.kill, which was unused internally. This removes the kill_index field from Execution_context.t, which saves us a word everytime we allocate or store an execution context.
Assert that Deferred.forever never returns statically, rather than dynamically.
Changed Async.Std to not include Deferred.Monad_syntax, so that one must explicitly opt in (via open Deferred.Monad_syntax) to use let%bind syntax with Async.
Add Pipe.to_sequence
Make Stream.closed s return immediately when s is already closed.
Currently the following property holds:
for any s, Deferred.peek (Stream.closed s) = None
For Pipe functions that deal with batches of elements in a queue, added an optional argument:
?max_queue_length : int (** default is Int.max_value *)
This limits the size of the queue that is used, which can improve Async fairness.
Affected functions are:
filter_map filter_map' fold' iter' map' read' read_now' transfer' transfer_id
This also obviates read_at_most and read_now_at_most, which we will deprecate in a later release.
Removed a couple helper types, iter and fold, that had been used to express commonality among functions, but were becoming unwieldy due to differences.
Changed Pipe's default max_queue_length from Int.max_value to 100.
Added to Pipe.iter_without_pushback an optional argument:
?max_iterations_per_job : int (** default is Int.max_value *)
iter_without_pushback will not make more than max_iterations_per_job calls to f in a single Async_job; this can be used to increase Async-scheduling fairness.
Added Pipe.write_if_open which does exactly what it says. This is a common pattern. Also added a pushback-oblivious variant write_without_pushback_if_open.
Call sites for these two new functions were introduced wherever I found that doing so would not introduce any side effects (even counting allocation) in the case of a closed pipe.

113.00.00

Switched Lazy_deferred to use Or_error.t rather than ('a, exn) Result.t.
Note: There is difference in the run argument between Monitor.try_with and Monitor.try_with_or_error. In this module, the function is called already in a closure inside a bind, so that difference is acceptable.
Made Deferred match Invariant.S1.
Improved Async_kernel.Scheduler.run_cycles_until_no_jobs_remain to use Timing_wheel.fire_past_alarms rather than sleeping.
Added Quickcheck module.
Reworked the initialization of Monitor.try_with_ignored_exn_handling to log exceptions using Async.Log so that it doesn't rely on top-level effects, which may not happen without packed libraries.

112.35.00

Added Clock.Event.run_at and run_after.
Eliminated a space leak in Clock.with_timeout.
Previously Clock.with_timeout span d created a deferred that waited for span even if d (and hence with_timeout) became determined sooner. Now, with_timeout aborts the clock alarm if d becomes determined, which saves space in Async's timing wheel.
Added Clock.Event.fired, and removed the fired value that was returned by at and after.
```
  val fired : t -> [ `Happened | `Aborted ] Deferred.t
```
Added Clock.Event.reschedule_{at,after}.

Fixed the space leak that caused nested Monitor.try_with to use linear space rather than constant space.

Changed Monitor.try_with_ignored_exn_handling so that with Eprintf` or Run f ``, the error processing runs in Monitor.mainrather than in the monitor that calledMonitor.try_with`. This avoids space leaks due to chains of monitors, e.g.:

  open! Core.Std
  open! Async.Std

  let () =
    Monitor.try_with_ignored_exn_handling := `Run ignore;
    let num_monitors = 10_000_000 in
    let num_remaining = ref num_monitors in
    let rec loop n : unit =
      if n > 0
      then
        upon
          (Monitor.try_with
            (fun () ->
                loop (n - 1);
                return ()))
          (function
            | Error _ -> assert false
            | Ok () ->
              decr num_remaining;
              if !num_remaining = 0 then shutdown 0)
    in
    loop num_monitors;
    never_returns (Scheduler.go ());
  ;;

Added a unit test to detect if nested monitors leak space.

Removed Lazy_deferred.follow, which is not used in the tree anymore.
Removing this function allows Lazy_deferred.t to be implemented as:
```
  type 'a t = 'a Deferred.t Lazy.t
```
although that's not done yet.
Added hooks to Async_kernel.Scheduler for js_of_ocaml.
This hook aims to be called every time one add a job to the scheduler (enqueue + timing_wheel).
Made Async_kernel not depend on thread.
Added Deferred.Memo, which wraps functions in Core.Memo to correctly handle asynchronous exceptions.
Renamed Pipe and Thread_safe_pipe functions that clear their input queue so that their name starts with transfer_in, to make it clearer that they side effect their input.

old name new name

write' transfer_in

write_without_pushback' transfer_in_without_pushback

old name	new name
`write'`	`transfer_in`
`write_without_pushback'`	`transfer_in_without_pushback`

Added Pipe.init_reader, symmetric to Pipe.init.

  val init        : ('a Writer.t -> unit Deferred.t) -> 'a Reader.t
  val init_reader : ('a Reader.t -> unit Deferred.t) -> 'a Writer.t

Changed Async_kernel.Job_queue.run_jobs to call Exn.backtrace immediately after catching an unhandled exception
There should be no change in behavior. This change was to make it more clear that there is no intervening code that interferes with the global backtrace state.
Made Deferred functions that take an argument ?how:[ Parallel | Sequential ] accept `Max_concurrent_jobs of int, which operates in a sequence in parallel, limited via a throttle.
Made Deferred.Or_error match Applicative.S.
Fixed Scheduler.run_cycles_until_no_jobs_remain so that it continues running if one has done Scheduler.yield.
Split the implementation of Deferred into a number of files, to solve some problems with circularities.
Split into:
- deferred.ml
- deferred_sequence.ml
- deferred_list.ml
- deferred_array.ml
- deferred_queue.ml
- deferred_map.ml
- deferred_result.ml
- deferred_option.ml
For a sequence of multiple modules used to construct a module, switched from the Raw_* prefix convention to the numeric suffix convention. E.g. we now have Deferred0, Deferred1, Deferred.

112.24.00

Now depends on Core_kernel instead of Core.
Async_kernel.Clock uses Core_kernel.Time_ns and Core_kernel.Timing_wheel_ns rather than Core.Time and Core.Timing_wheel_float.
Added Async_kernel.Types module to deal with the mutual recrsion of Async_kernel's types.
This should help eliminate the complexity and make it easier to make changes without running into as many constraints due to module/type ordering.
Merged Types.Jobs into Types.Scheduler.
Improved the performance of Deferred.bind, eliminating an allocation in Ivar.connect.
Optimized Deferred.bind, removing a closure allocation by inlining Deferred.create.
Added Pipe.interleave_pipe, which is like interleave, but takes a pipe rather than a list.

112.17.00

Fixed a space leak in Clock.Event.abort, making it free the job that was created and stored in the timing wheel.
Moved Scheduler.yield from Async_unix.
Fixed a bug in Scheduler.yield_every, so that it doesn't initialize the scheduler until the staged function is called.
Added concat_map function to Monad_sequence interface.
Added Shutdown.shutdown_on_unhandled_exn.

Added some functions to Deferred.Or_error to parallel Core.Or_error: errorf, tag, tag_arg.

val errorf : ('a, unit, string, _ t) format4 -> 'a
val tag : 'a t -> string -> 'a t
val tag_arg : 'a t -> string -> 'b -> ('b -> Sexp.t) -> 'a t

Added Gc.Alarm, an Async-friendly wrapper around Core.Gc.Expert.Alarm.
Removed Gc.Expert, whose functions are superseded by Async-friendly functions in Gc proper.
Added Pipe.read_now_at_most.
Changed Pipe.merge to check whether its output is closed, and if so, stop rather than write to it (which raised).
Also, made Pipe.merge close its inputs whenever its output is closed.
Changed Clock.at to return Deferred.unit if it is supplied a time in the past.
Previously, it would create an empty ivar and a job to fill it that would run in the next cycle.
Changed Clock.Event.status to return Will_happen_at of Time.t``` rather than Waiting```, if applicable.
Added Ivar.create_full.
Moved the use of Linux_ext to Async_unix.
This is one of the necessary steps in making Async_kernel depend on Core_kernel rather than Core.

112.06.00

Added Deferred.Sequence module, analogous to Deferred.List but for Core_kernel.Std.Sequence.
Modernized code style.

112.01.00

Optimized Monitor.try_with ~run:\Now fto return a determined deferred iff ()` returns a determined deferred.
Previously, Monitor.try_with ~run:\Now falways introduced aDeferred.map`, which made it impossible to do some optimizations that bypass the scheduler overhead.
Added an ASYNC_CONFIG field that causes the program to dump core if Async jobs are delayed too much.
The new field is dump_core_on_job_delay.
Switched Async_kernel from using Core.Sys to Pervasives.Sys eliminating one of the dependencies on Core.

111.25.00

Fixed Clock.run_at_intervals to make the initial callback at an interval multiple.
Previously, if start was in the past, f would run immediately rather than waiting for an interval of the form start + i * span. Now it always waits for an interval, even the first time it runs.

111.17.00

Renamed Monitor.errors to Monitor.detach_and_get_error_stream and Monitor.error as Monitor.get_next_error.
The use of detach in the name is intended to make clear that errors do not propagate to the parent.
Added several other non-stream =Monitor= functions to capture common use cases of Monitor.detach_and_get_error_stream:
```
detach_and_get_next_error
detach_and_iter_errors
detach
```

111.11.00

Added Clock.run_at_intervals, which runs a job at regular intervals.

111.08.00

Changed low-level error messages to use Sexp.to_string_hum rather than to_string_mach.

111.06.00

Improved the performance of Pipe.filter_map by using batching.

110.01.00

Added Deferred.Result.map_error.

109.60.00

Changed the scheduler to clear a job from its queue when it runs the job, eliminating a performance regression from 109.57.
Clearing avoids spurious promotion of what would otherwise be dead data associated with already-executed jobs.

109.58.00

Renamed the Async_core library as Async_kernel, to parallel Core_kernel.
Someday Async_core will depend only on Core_kernel, but not yet.
Added a thread-safe queue of "external actions" that is checked after each job.
Fixed a race condition in Clock.Event.abort.
Here is the race condition:
- Clock.Event.at adds an alarm, its value is a job (let's call it job1) with this run function:
```
let fire () =
  t := Happened;
  Ivar.fill ready `Happened;
```
- later a job (let's call it job2) aborting the clock event is queued in the async scheduler
- in the same cycle, the Timing_wheel.advance_clock fires the alarm and job1 scheduled
- at this point:
  - job1 and job2 are still pending
  - the alarm was removed so it is invalid
  - the clock event is still in the state Waiting
- job2 is executed before job1: the clock event is still in the Waiting state, so the abort tries to remove the alarm from the timing wheel: CRASH
  The bugfix is for Clock.Event.abort to check if the alarm has already been removed from the timing wheel and if so, don't remove it again.
Changed Monitor.try_with when run with ~rest:`Ignore, the default, so that the created monitor is detached from the monitor tree.
The detached monitor has no parent, rather than being a child of the current monitor. This will eliminate recently observed space leaks in Sequencer_table and Throttle, like:
```
let leak () =
  let seq = Throttle.Sequencer.create () in
  let rec loop n =
    Throttle.enqueue seq (fun () ->
      loop (n + 1);
      Deferred.unit
    )
    |> don't_wait_for
  in
  loop 0
```

Changed Async's scheduler to pool jobs rather than heap allocate them, decreasing the cost of a job by 30-40%.

Changed the main scheduler queue of jobs to be an Obj_array.t that is essentially a specialized Flat_queue (the specialization was necessary for speed).

Also, cleaned up the scheduler run-job loop.

With these changes, the cost of a simple job decreases significantly (30-40%), across a range of live data sizes. Here are the nanoseconds-per-job numbers for a microbenchmark with the old and new approaches.

num live jobs	old ns/job	new ns/job
1	74	53
2	75	47
4	76	41
8	63	39
16	62	38
32	61	37
64	61	37
128	60	37
256	60	38
512	60	38
1024	60	39
2048	61	40
4096	67	41
8192	65	45
16384	75	56
32768	115	67
65536	171	108
131072	255	158
262144	191	130
524288	216	139
1048576	238	152

See async/bench/nanos_per_job.ml for the benchmark.

Removed debug_space_leaks from Async's internals. It hadn't been used in years.

109.52.00

Changed Pipe.iter_without_pushback to never call f after Pipe.close_read has been called.
The new behavior is like Pipe.iter.
Changed the implementation of Pipe.fold_gen and Pipe.transfer_gen to be analogous to Pipe.iter_without_pushback, and in particular to process as many elements as possible before calling values_available.

109.47.00

Fix a bug introduced in Monitor.error in 109.28, in which the error wasn't seen unless someone is listening to the monitor.

109.45.00

Removed internal Backpatched module.
Async used to use this module, but it doesn't anymore.

109.44.00

Documented that Throttle.enqueue t f never runs f immediately, and added unit tests.

109.42.00

In ASYNC_CONFIG, replaced alarm_precision and timing_wheel_level_bits with timing_wheel_config.
This parallels the new Timing_wheel.Config module.

109.35.00

Added new configuration options for Async, max_inter_cycle_timeout and max_num_jobs_per_priority_per_cycle.
```
val max_inter_cycle_timeout : Time.Span.t
val max_num_jobs_per_priority_per_cycle : int
```
These are configurable as usual via ASYNC_CONFIG.
Added an ASYNC_CONFIG option to debug the Shutdown module.
Added find and find_map to Deferred.Monad_sequence.

109.34.00

Added a function to Pipe that merges a list of sorted pipes
val Pipe.merge : 'a Reader.t list -> cmp:('a -> 'a -> int) -> 'a Reader.t
Improved the performance of Ivar.squash by removing the allocation of the list of ivars.
Instead, squash does one loop to find the end of the chain and a second loop to set all the indirections.
Changed Scheduler.run_cycles_until_no_jobs_remain to raise an exception if there is an unhandled exception when it finishes.

109.32.00

Improved the batching of Pipe.fold and other Pipe functions that handle batches.
Previously, such functions used a loop with Pipe.read. This didn't batch as well as it might. If values were put in the pipe after the read becomes determined but before the values are handled, then they wouldn't be handled until the next batch. Now, batching functions use values_available and then pull elements out of the pipe synchronously after waking up. This makes the batch as large as possible.

109.30.00

Added function Throttle.kill.
Throttle.kill aborts all jobs that have been enqueued but not started, and immediately aborts all jobs subsequently enqueued.
Split out Throttle debugging and unit-testing code into their own modules.
Changed the semantics of Throttle.enqueue on a dead throttle so that the exception is sent to the monitor rather than raised synchronously.
This gives more uniform treatment to the race between enqueueing a job and an already running job raising. Now the enqueued job is always aborted, whether enqueued before or after the raise.
Added an ASYNC_CONFIG option to print debug messages when Monitor.send_exn is called.
This is useful when one is debugging an application in which an exception is being unexpectedly swallowed.
Allow one to dynamically configure the behavior of =Monitor.try_with=.
This is to allow experimentation with different handling of asynchronous exceptions after Monitor.try_with has become determined.

109.28.00

Eliminated a messy dependency cycle in async_core, so that Monitor.t no longer contains a Tail.t.
async_core was messy because of cycle between the following types:
```
Execution_context
--> Scheduler
--> Ivar
--> Deferred
--> Tail
--> Monitor
```
This messiness caused the need for the Raw signature, for the various Scheduler_dependent functors, for making various types polymorphic in execution_context, and then instantiating the polymorphism later.
The cause of the problem was that Monitor contained a Tail. We eliminated that, so that there is no longer a cycle, and defined things in order:
```
Monitor
Execution_context
Job
Scheduler
Ivar
Deferred
Tail
Stream
```
Replaced the errors tail from the monitor type:
```
errors : (exn, 'execution_context) Raw_tail.t;
```
with a list of handlers:
```
mutable error_handlers : (exn -> unit) list;
```
Cleaned up all the messiness caused by the cycle -- eliminated the Raw signature, the Scheduler_dependent functors, and the unnecessary polymorphism.
Cleaned up the long standing annoyance with Async.Stream, in which we couldn't expose the next sum type and people had to use annoying Stream.of_raw calls. Stream.of_raw is now gone.

109.27.00

Fixed Monitor.catch_stream to prevent missing a synchronous exception.

109.24.00

Reworked the Throttle module.

Made both Throttle.t and Throttle.Sequencer.t instances of the same type, using a phantom type to distinguish them. Removed all Throttle.Sequencer functions -- one can now use the Throttle functions directly.

Added new functions:

(*** [max_concurrent_jobs t] returns the maximum number of jobs that [t] will run
     concurrently. *)
val max_concurrent_jobs : (_, _) t_ -> int

(*** [num_jobs_running t] returns the number of jobs that [t] is currently running.  It
     is guaranteed that if [num_jobs_running t < max_concurrent_jobs t] then
     [num_jobs_waiting_to_start t = 0].  That is, the throttle always uses its maximum
     concurrency if possible. *)
val num_jobs_running : (_, _) t_ -> int

(*** [num_jobs_waiting_to_start t] returns the number of jobs that have been [enqueue]d but
     have not yet started. *)
val num_jobs_waiting_to_start : (_ , _) t_ -> int

(*** [capacity_available t] becomes determined the next time that [t] has fewer than
     [max_concurrent_jobs t] running, and hence an [enqueue]d job would start
     immediately. *)
val capacity_available : (_, _) t_ -> unit Deferred.t

Replaced the Pipe used inside a Throttle with a Queue, and simplified the implementation. This fixed a bug in num_jobs_waiting_to_start, which could have missed a job that was not in the pipe but had not started.

109.20.00

Added the ability for a Throttle to have resources that are exclusively available to running jobs.

109.13.00

Fixed Pipe.iter's handling of a closed pipe.
Fixed the handling by Pipe.iter and related foldy functions that handle one element at a time, which behaved surprisingly with a pipe whose read end has been closed. These functions had worked by reading a queue as a batch and then applying the user function to each queue element. But if the pipe's read end is closed during the processing of one queue element, no subsequent element should be processed. Prior to this fix, the iter didn't notice the pipe was closed for read until it went to read the next batch.
Renamed Pipe.read_one as Pipe.read_one', and added Pipe.read_one that reads a single element.

109.11.00

Extended Deferred.Or_error to parallel almost all of the Core.Or_error interface.
Improved the performance of Clock.at, and added a more efficient version, Clock.run_at.
Reworked the async heap of clock alarms to use async jobs as alarms.
Reworked Clock.at to use this and to not use abortable events, which is a performance improvement.
Added a more efficient version of Clock.at, for the common situation when one doesn't need a deferred.
```
(*** [run_at time ~f] is a more efficient version of [at time >>> f]. *)
val run_at : Time.t -> f:(unit -> unit) -> unit
```

109.09.00

Fixed bug in Async.Throttle, in which jobs weren't started in order.

package async_kernel

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CHANGES.md.html