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Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) * * Contents * * - interface * * The tutorial has been moved to Neturl_tut.

Interface

* * This module provides functions to parse URLs, to print URLs, to * store URLs, to modify URLs, and to apply relative URLs. * * URLs are strings formed according to pattern (1) or (2): * * + scheme://user;userparams:password\@host:port/path;params?query#fragment * + scheme:other;params?query#fragment * * The word at the beginning of the URL identifies the URL scheme * (such as "http" or "file"). Depending on the scheme, not all of the * parts are allowed, or parts may be omitted. This module defines the * type url_syntax whose values describe which parts are allowed/required/ * not allowed for a concrete URL scheme (see below). * * Not all characters are allowed in a URL. Some characters are allowed, * but have the special task to separate the various parts of the URL * (reserved characters). * However, it is possible to include even invalid or reserved characters * as normal content by applying the %-encoding on these characters: * A '%' indicates that an encoded character follows, and the character * is denoted by a two-digit hexadecimal number (e.g. %2f for '/'). * In the following descriptions, the term "encoded string" means a string * containing such %-encoded characters, and the "decoded string" means a * string not containing such characters. * See the module Netencoding.Url for functions encoding or decoding * strings. * * The type url describes values storing the components of a URL, * and the url_syntax for the URL. In general, the components are * stored as encoded strings; however, not for all components the * %-encoding is applicable. * * For convenience, the functions creating, modifying, and accessing * URLs can handle both encoded and decoded strings. In order to * avoid errors, the functions pass strings even in their decoded form. * * Note that there is currently no function to compare URLs. The * canoncical comparison ( = ) is not applicable because the same URL * may be written in different ways. * * Note that nothing is said about the character set/encoding of URLs. * Some protocols and standards prefer UTF-8 as fundamental encoding * and apply the %-encoding on top of it; i.e. the byte sequence * representing a character in UTF-8 is %-encoded. * * Standards Compliance * * This module implements RFC 1738 and RFC 1808. There is also a newer * RFC, 2396, updating the former RFCs, but this module is not fully * compatible with RFC 2396. The following (minor) problems may occur: * * - The module escapes more characters than needed. All characters that * are "unsafe" or "reserved" in either RFC document are escaped. * - URL parameters (appended with a ";") are handled as in RFCs 1738/1808. * In RFC 2396, every path component may have parameters, and the * algorithm to resolve relative URLs is different in this point. * If it is required to apply RFC 2396, one can disable URL parameters * in the syntax, and extract them from the path by a self-written * postprocessor. Usually, this is only required for imap URLs. * * In one point, RFC 2396 is preferred: * * - Authorities may be terminated by a question mark, as in * "http://host?query". This is illegal in RFC 1738. The consequence * is, however, that question marks in user strings must be escaped. * * RFC 3986 introduces IPv6 addresses. These are now supported (but see * the comments below).

exception Malformed_URL

Raised by a number of functions when encountering a badly formed * URL.

val extract_url_scheme : string -> string

Returns the URL scheme from the string representation of an URL. * E.g. extract_url_scheme "http://host/path" = "http". * The scheme name is always converted to lowercase characters. * Raises Malformed_URL if the scheme name is not found.

type url_syntax_option =
  1. | Url_part_not_recognized
    (*

    The part, even if there, is not even recognized

    *)
  2. | Url_part_allowed
    (*

    The part can be present

    *)
  3. | Url_part_required
    (*

    The part must be present

    *)
type url_syntax = {
  1. url_enable_scheme : url_syntax_option;
  2. url_enable_user : url_syntax_option;
  3. url_enable_user_param : url_syntax_option;
  4. url_enable_password : url_syntax_option;
  5. url_enable_host : url_syntax_option;
  6. url_enable_port : url_syntax_option;
  7. url_enable_path : url_syntax_option;
  8. url_enable_param : url_syntax_option;
  9. url_enable_query : url_syntax_option;
  10. url_enable_fragment : url_syntax_option;
  11. url_enable_other : url_syntax_option;
  12. url_accepts_8bits : bool;
  13. url_is_valid : url -> bool;
  14. url_enable_relative : bool;
}

Values of type url_syntax describe which components of an URL are * recognized, which are allowed (and optional), and which are required. * Not all combinations are valid; the predicate expressed by the * function url_syntax_is_valid must hold. * * The function url_is_valid is applied when a fresh URL is created * and must return true. This function allows it to add an arbitrary * validity criterion to url_syntax. (Note that the URL passed to * this function is not fully working; you can safely assume that the * accessor functions url_scheme etc. can be applied to it.) * * Switch url_accepts_8bit: If true, the bytes with code 128 to * 255 are treated like alphanumeric characters; if false these bytes * are illegal (but it is still possible to include such byte in their * encoded form: %80 to %FF). * * Switch url_enable_relative: If true, the syntax allows relative * URLs in principle. Actually, parsing of relative URLs is possible * when the optional parts are flagged as Url_part_allowed and not * as Url_part_required. However, it is useful to specify URL syntaxes * always as absolute URLs, and to weaken them on demand when a relative * URL is found by the parser. This switch enables that. In particular, * the function partial_url_syntax checks this flag.

and url

Values of type url describe concrete URLs. Every URL must have * a fundamental url_syntax, and it is only possible to create URLs * conforming to the syntax. See make_url for further information.

val url_syntax_is_valid : url_syntax -> bool

Checks whether the passed url_syntax is valid. This means: * - If passwords are recognized, users (and hosts) must be recognized, too * - If ports are recognized, hosts must be recognized, too * - If users are recognized, hosts must be recognized, too * - Either the syntax recognizes one of the phrases * { user, password, host, port, path }, or the syntax recognized * the phrase 'other'.

val partial_url_syntax : url_syntax -> url_syntax

Transforms the syntax into another syntax where all required parts are * changed into optional parts.

val null_url_syntax : url_syntax

An URL syntax that recognizes nothing. Use this as base for your own * definitions, e.g. * 

* let my_syntax = { null_url_syntax with
*                     url_enable_host = Url_part_required; ... }
*
val ip_url_syntax : url_syntax

Syntax for IP based protocols. This syntax allows scheme, user, * password, host, port, path, param, query, fragment, but not "other". * It does not accept 8 bit bytes.

val common_url_syntax : (string, url_syntax) Stdlib.Hashtbl.t

Syntax descriptions for common URL schemes. The key of the hashtable * is the scheme name, and the value is the corresponding syntax. * * - "file": scheme, host?, path * - "ftp": scheme, user?, password?, host, port?, path?, param? * Note: param is not checked. * - "http", "https": * scheme, user?, password?, host, port?, path?, query? * - "mailto": scheme, other, query? (RFC 2368) * - "pop", "pops": scheme, user?, user_param?, password?, host, port? * Note: user_param is not checked. * (RFC 2384) * - "imap", "imaps": scheme, user?, user_param?, password?, host, port?, * path?, query? (RFC 2192) * Note: "param" is intentionally not recognized to get the resolution of * relative URLs as described in the RFC. When analysing this kind of URL, * it is recommended to re-parse it with "param" enabled. * - "news": scheme, other (RFC 1738) * - "nntp", "nntps": scheme, host, port?, path (with two components) * (RFC 1738) * - "data": scheme, other (RFC 2397). "other" is not further decomposed. * - "ipp", "ipps": scheme, host, port? , path?, query? (RFC 3510) * - "cid", "mid": Content/message identifiers: scheme, other * - "ldap": scheme, host?, port?, path?, query? (RFC 4516) * * Notes: * - These syntax descriptions can be weakened for partial/relative URLs * by changing the required parts to optional parts: See the function * partial_url_syntax. * - None of the descriptions allows fragments. These can be enabled by * setting url_enable_fragment to Url_part_allowed. E.g. * 

{ file_url_syntax with url_enable_fragment = Url_part_allowed }

* - 8 bit bytes are not accepted * - A large number of standardised scheme syntaxes are not available, * e.g. gopher, prospero, wais. The selection is a bit subjective, * but I have tried to omit protocols that are no longer in common * use, or that are very special. * - The LDAP URL syntax (RFC 1959) does not fit into our scheme, it * is omitted for now because of this.

val null_url : url

A URL without any component and null_url_syntax

val make_url : ?encoded:bool -> ?scheme:string -> ?user:string -> ?user_param:string list -> ?password:string -> ?host:string -> ?addr:Unix.inet_addr -> ?port:int -> ?socksymbol:Netsockaddr.socksymbol -> ?path:string list -> ?param:string list -> ?query:string -> ?fragment:string -> ?other:string -> url_syntax -> url

Creates a URL from components: * * - The components scheme and host are simple strings to which the * %-encoding is not applicable. host may be a (DNS) name, an * IPv4 address as "dotted quad", or an IPv6 address enclosed in * brackets. * - addr also sets host, but directly from an inet_addr. * - The component port is a simple number. Of course, the %-encoding * is not applicable, too. * - socksymbol sets both host and port from the socksymbol of * type `Inet or `Inet_byname. * - The components user, password, query, fragment, and other * are strings which may contain %-encoded characters. By default, * you can pass any string for these components, and problematic characters * are automatically encoded. If you set encoded:true, the passed * strings must already be encoded, but the function checks whether * the encoding is syntactically correct. * Note that for query even the characters '?' and '=' are encoded * by default, so you need to set encoded:true to pass a reasonable * query string. * - The components user_param, path and param are lists of strings which may * contain %-encoded characters. Again, the default is to pass * decoded strings to the function, and the function encodes them * automatically, and by setting encoded:true the caller is responsible * for encoding the strings. Passing empty lists for these components * means that they are not part of the constructed URL. * See below for the respresentation of these components. * * socksymbol has precedence over addr, which has precedence over * host. socksymbol also has precedence over port. * * The strings representing the components do not * contain the characters separating the components from each other. * * The created URL must conform to the url_syntax, i.e.: * - The URL must only contain components which are recognized by the * syntax * - The URL must contain components which are required by the syntax * - The URL must fulfill the predicate expressed by the url_is_valid * function of the syntax. * * The path of a URL is represented as a list of '/'-separated path * components. i.e. * * [ s1; s2; ...; sN ] represents the path * s1 ^ "/" ^ s2 ^ "/" ^ ... ^ "/" ^ sN * * As special cases: * - [] is the non-existing path * - [ "" ] is "/" * - [ "";"" ] is illegal * * Except of s1 and sN, the path components must not be empty strings. * * To avoid ambiguities, it is illegal to create URLs with both relative * paths (s1 <> "") and host components. * * Parameters of URLs (param and user_param) are components * beginning with ';'. The list * of parameters is represented as list of strings where the strings * contain the value following ';'.

val modify_url : ?syntax:url_syntax -> ?encoded:bool -> ?scheme:string -> ?user:string -> ?user_param:string list -> ?password:string -> ?host:string -> ?addr:Unix.inet_addr -> ?port:int -> ?socksymbol:Netsockaddr.socksymbol -> ?path:string list -> ?param:string list -> ?query:string -> ?fragment:string -> ?other:string -> url -> url

Modifies the passed components and returns the modified URL. * The modfied URL shares unmodified components with the original * URL.

val remove_from_url : ?scheme:bool -> ?user:bool -> ?user_param:bool -> ?password:bool -> ?host:bool -> ?port:bool -> ?path:bool -> ?param:bool -> ?query:bool -> ?fragment:bool -> ?other:bool -> url -> url

Removes the true components from the URL, and returns the modified * URL. * The modfied URL shares unmodified components with the original * URL.

val default_url : ?encoded:bool -> ?scheme:string -> ?user:string -> ?user_param:string list -> ?password:string -> ?host:string -> ?port:int -> ?path:string list -> ?param:string list -> ?query:string -> ?fragment:string -> ?other:string -> url -> url

Adds missing components and returns the modified URL. * The modfied URL shares unmodified components with the original * URL.

val undefault_url : ?scheme:string -> ?user:string -> ?user_param:string list -> ?password:string -> ?host:string -> ?port:int -> ?path:string list -> ?param:string list -> ?query:string -> ?fragment:string -> ?other:string -> url -> url

Removes components from the URL if they have the passed value, and * returns the modified URL. * Note: The values must always be passed in encoded form! * The modfied URL shares unmodified components with the original * URL.

val url_syntax_of_url : url -> url_syntax

Returns the url_syntax record of a URL.

val url_of_string : url_syntax -> string -> url

Parses the passed string according to the passed url_syntax.

val string_of_url : url -> string

Returns the URL as string

val parse_url : ?schemes:(string, url_syntax) Stdlib.Hashtbl.t -> ?base_syntax:url_syntax -> ?accept_8bits:bool -> ?enable_fragment:bool -> string -> url

Parses the string and returns the URL the string represents. * If the URL is absolute (i.e. begins with a scheme like * "http:..."), the syntax will be looked up in schemes. * If the URL is relative, the base_syntax will be taken * if passed. Without base_syntax, relative URLs cannot be * parsed. * *

  • parameter schemes

    This hashtable maps scheme names to syntax descriptions. * The default is common_url_syntax. *

    @param base_syntax

    If passed, the function can parse relative URLs * according to this syntax. If not passed, the function will raise * Malformed_URL on a relative URL. *

    @param accept_8bits

    If false, the default, it depends on the * syntax descriptions in schemes whether 8 bit characters are * accepted in the input or not. If true, 8 bit characters are * always accepted. *

    @param enable_fragment

    If false, the default, it depends on the * syntax descriptions in schemes whether fragment identifiers * (e.g. "#fragment") are recognized or not. If true, fragments * are always recognized.

val fixup_url_string : ?escape_hash:bool -> string -> string

Escapes some unsafe or "unwise" characters that are commonly used * in URL strings: space, < > { } ^ \\ | and double quotes. * Call this function before parsing the URL to support these * characters. * * If escape_hash is set, '#' is also escaped. * * Change: Since Ocamlnet-3.4, square brackets are no longer fixed up, * because they have now a legal use to denote IPv6 addresses.

val url_provides : ?scheme:bool -> ?user:bool -> ?user_param:bool -> ?password:bool -> ?host:bool -> ?port:bool -> ?path:bool -> ?param:bool -> ?query:bool -> ?fragment:bool -> ?other:bool -> url -> bool

Returns true iff the URL has all of the components passed with * true value.

val url_scheme : url -> string
val url_user : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string
val url_user_param : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string list
val url_password : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string
val url_host : url -> string
val url_port : url -> int
val url_path : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string list
val url_param : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string list
val url_query : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string
val url_fragment : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string
val url_other : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string

Return components of the URL. The functions return decoded strings * unless encoded:true is set. * If the component does not exist, the exception Not_found * is raised. * * Note that IPv6 addresses, when returned by url_host, are enclosed * in square brackets. Modules calling url_host may require porting * to support this syntax variant.

val url_addr : url -> Unix.inet_addr

If the host part of the URL is an IP address, the address is returned. Works for IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. Otherwise Not_found is raised.

val url_socksymbol : url -> int -> Netsockaddr.socksymbol

url_socksymbol url default_port: Returns the host and port parts of the URL as socksymbol. If the port is missing in the URL, default_port is substituted. If the host is missing in the URL the exception Not_found is raised.

val split_path : string -> string list

Splits a '/'-separated path into components (e.g. to set up the * path argument of make_url). * E.g. * 

* split_path "a/b/c" = [ "a"; "b"; "c" ],
* split_path "/a/b"  = [ ""; "a"; "b" ],
* split_path "a/b/"  = [ "a"; "b"; "" ]

* Beware that split_path ".." returns [".."] while split_path "../" * returns [".."; ""]. The two will behave differently, for example * when used with Neturl.apply_relative_url.

val join_path : string list -> string

Concatenates the path components (reverse function of split_path).

val norm_path : string list -> string list

Removes "." and ".." from the path if possible. Deletes double slashes. * * Examples * *

  • norm_path ["."] = [] * * means: "." = ""
  • norm_path ["."; ""] = [] * * means: "./" = ""
  • norm_path ["a"; "."] = ["a"; ""] * * means: "a/." = "a/"
  • norm_path ["a"; "b"; "."] = ["a"; "b"; ""] * * means: "a/b/." = "a/b/"
  • norm_path ["a"; "."; "b"; "."] = ["a"; "b"; ""] * * means: "a/./b/." = "a/b/"
  • norm_path [".."] = [".."; ""] * * means: ".." = "../"
  • norm_path [".."; ""] = [".."; ""] * * means: "../" = "../"
  • norm_path ["a"; "b"; ".."; "c" ] = ["a"; "c"] * * means: "a/b/../c" = "a/c"
  • norm_path ["a"; "b"; ".."; "c"; ""] = ["a"; "c"; ""] * * means: "a/b/../c/" = "a/c/"
  • norm_path ["";"";"a";"";"b"] = [""; "a"; "b"] * * means: "//a//b" = "/a/b"
  • norm_path ["a"; "b"; ""; ".."; "c"; ""] = ["a"; "c"; ""] * * means: "a/b//../c/" = "a/c/"
  • norm_path ["a"; ".."] = [] * * means: "a/.." = ""
val apply_relative_url : url -> url -> url

apply_relative_url base rel: * Interprets rel relative to base and returns the new URL. This * function implements RFC 1808. * * It is not necessary that rel has the same syntax as base. * Note, however, that it is checked whether the resulting URL is * syntactically correct with the syntax of base. If not, the * exception Malformed_URL will be raised. * * Examples (the URLs are represented as strings, see Neturl.split_path * to split them for Neturl.make_url): * * base="x/y", url="a/b" => result="x/a/b" * base="x/y/", url="a/b" => result="x/y/a/b" * base="x/y/..", url="a/b" => result="x/y/a/b" (beware!) * base="x/y/../", url="a/b" => result="x/a/b"

val ensure_absolute_url : ?base:url -> url -> url

If the anonymous URL is absolute, it is just returned as result of * this function. If the URL is relative, it is tried to make it * absolute by resolving it relative to base. If there is no base * or if the the base URL does not allow the parts that would be added * (e.g. if the anonymous URL possesses a fragment and base does not * allow that), this will fail, and the function raises Malformed_URL.

val file_url_of_local_path : ?getcwd:(unit -> string) -> string -> url

Generates a URL with "file" scheme from the passed path name. The * URL is always absolute, i.e. the current directory is prepended if the * path is not absolute. * * Note that no character set conversions are performed. * * Win32: The input path name may use forward or backward slashes. * Absolute paths with drive letters and UNC paths are recognised. * Relative paths with drive letters, however, are not recognised * (e.g. "c:file"), as it is not possible to access the drive-specific * working directory from the O'Caml runtime. * * Cygwin: The input path name may use forward or backward slashes. * Absolute paths with drive letters and UNC paths are recognised. * The former are translated to "/cygdrive" names. * *

  • parameter getcwd

    The function returns the path taken as current working * directory. Note that for * Win32 this must be either an absolute name with drive letter, * or an UNC path. Default: Sys.getcwd

val local_path_of_file_url : url -> string

Extracts the path from an absolute file URL, and returns a * correct path name. * * If the URL is not a file URL, or is not absolute, the function will * fail. * * Win32: The URL must either contain a drive letter, or must refer * to another host. * * Cygwin: Drive letters and remote URLs are recognised.

val print_url : url -> unit

Printer for the toploop.

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