package ppx_minidebug

ppx_minidebug

• ppx_minidebug

  • ppx_minidebug: Debug logs for selected functions and let-bindings

    • Traces in HTML or Markdown as collapsible trees

    • Highlighting search terms

    • PrintBox creating helpers with defaults: debug and debug_file

    • Hyperlinks to source locations

    • values_first_mode

  • Usage

    • Breaking infinite recursion with max_nesting_depth and looping with max_num_children; Flushing-based traces

    • Tracking: control flow branches, anonymous and insufficiently annotated functions

    • Using as a logging framework

      • Specifying the level to log at via a runtime expression

    • Lexical scopes vs. dynamic scopes

    • Reducing the size of generated logs

    • Navigating large logs

    • Providing the necessary type information

    • Dealing with concurrent execution

ppx_minidebug: Debug logs for selected functions and let-bindings

ppx_minidebug traces let bindings and functions within a selected scope if they have type annotations. ppx_minidebug offers three ways of instrumenting the code: %debug_pp and %debug_show (also %track_pp, %diagn_pp and %track_show, %diagn_show), based on deriving.show, and %debug_sexp (also %track_sexp, %diagn_sexp) based on sexplib0 and ppx_sexp_conv. Explicit logs can be added with %log within a debug scope (%log is not a registered extension point to avoid conflicts with other logging frameworks). The syntax extension expects a module Debug_runtime in the scope. The ppx_minidebug.runtime library (part of the ppx_minidebug package) offers multiple ways of logging the traces, as helper functions generating Debug_runtime modules. See the generated documentation for Minidebug_runtime.

Take a look at ppx_debug which has complementary strengths!

Try opam install ppx_minidebug to install from the opam repository. To install the development version of ppx_minidebug, download it with e.g. gh repo clone lukstafi/ppx_minidebug; cd ppx_minidebug and then dune build; opam install ..

To use ppx_minidebug in a Dune project, add/modify these stanzas: (preprocess (pps ... ppx_minidebug)), and (libraries ... ppx_minidebug.runtime).

Here we define a Debug_runtime either using the entrypoint module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ()), or using the PrintBox functor, e.g.:

module Debug_runtime =
  Minidebug_runtime.PrintBox((val Minidebug_runtime.shared_config "path/to/debugger_printbox.log" end))
let () = Debug_runtime.config.values_first_mode <- false

The logged traces will be pretty-printed as trees using the printbox package. Truncated example (using %debug_sexp):

BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":7:19-9:17: foo
├─x = 7
├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":8:6: y
│ └─y = 8
└─foo = (7 8 16)
"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":15:19-17:14: bar
├─x = ((first 7) (second 42))
├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":16:6: y
│ └─y = 8
└─bar = 336
"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":21:19-24:28: baz
├─x = ((first 7) (second 42))
├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":22:17: _yz
│ └─_yz = (8 3)
├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":23:17: _uw
│ └─_uw = (7 13)
└─baz = 359
"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":28:19-30:17: lab
├─x = 7
├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":29:6: y
│ └─y = 8
└─lab = (7 8 16)
"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":34:24-40:9: loop
├─depth = 0
├─x = ((first 7) (second 42))
├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":38:8: y
│ ├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":34:24-40:9: loop
│ │ ├─depth = 1
│ │ ├─x = ((first 41) (second 9))
│ │ ├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":38:8: y
│ │ │ ├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":34:24-40:9: loop
│ │ │ │ ├─depth = 2
│ │ │ │ ├─x = ((first 8) (second 43))
│ │ │ │ ├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":34:24-40:9: loop
│ │ │ │ │ ├─depth = 3
│ │ │ │ │ ├─x = ((first 44) (second 4))
│ │ │ │ │ ├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":34:24-40:9: loop
│ │ │ │ │ │ ├─depth = 4
│ │ │ │ │ │ ├─x = ((first 5) (second 22))
│ │ │ │ │ │ ├─"test/test_debug_sexp.ml":34:24-40:9: loop
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├─depth = 5
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├─x = ((first 23) (second 2))
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ └─loop = 25

Traces in HTML or Markdown as collapsible trees

The PrintBox runtime can be configured to output logs using HTML or Markdown. The logs then become collapsible trees, so that you can expose only the relevant information when debugging. Example configuration:

module Debug_runtime =
  Minidebug_runtime.PrintBox ((val Minidebug_runtime.shared_config "debug.html"))
let () =
  let c = Debug_runtime.config in
  c.backend <- `Html Minidebug_runtime.default_html_config;
  c.boxify_sexp_from_size <- 50;
  c.values_first_mode <- false

Here we also convert the logged sexp values (with at least 50 atoms) to trees. Example result:

Highlighting search terms

The PrintBox runtime also supports highlighting paths to logs that match a highlight_terms regular expression. For example:

To limit the highlight noise, some log entries can be excluded from propagating the highlight status using the exclude_on_path setting. To trim excessive logging while still providing some context, you can set prune_upto to a level greater than 0, which only outputs highlighted boxes below that level.

PrintBox creating helpers with defaults: debug and debug_file

The configuration for the above example is more concisely just:

module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug_file ~highlight_terms:(Re.str "169") "debug")

Similarly, debug returns a PrintBox module, which by default logs to stdout:

module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ())

Hyperlinks to source locations

The HTML and Markdown outputs support emitting file locations as hyperlinks. For example:

module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug_file ~hyperlink:"" "debug")

where ~hyperlink is the prefix to let you tune the file path and select a browsing option. For illustration, the prefixes for Markdown / HTML outputs I might use at the time of writing:

• ~hyperlink:"./" or ~hyperlink:"../" depending on the relative locations of the log file and the binary

• ~hyperlink:"vscode://file//wsl.localhost/Ubuntu/home/lukstafi/ppx_minidebug/"

  • if left-clicking a link from within VS Code Live Preview follows the file in the HTML preview window rather than an editor window, middle-click the link

• ~hyperlink:"https://github.com/lukstafi/ppx_minidebug/tree/main/"

values_first_mode

This setting, by default true, puts the result of the computation as the header of a computation subtree, rather than the source code location of the computation. I recommend using this setting as it reduces noise and makes the important information easier to find and visible with less unfolding. Another important benefit is that it makes hyperlinks usable, by pushing them from the summary line to under the fold. It is the default setting, but can be disabled by passing ~values_first_mode:false to runtime builders, because it can be confusing: the logs are no longer ordered by computation time. It is not available in the Flushing runtime.

For example:

module Debug_runtime =
  (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ~highlight_terms:(Re.str "3") ())
let%debug_show rec loop_highlight (x : int) : int =
  let z : int = (x - 1) / 2 in
  if x <= 0 then 0 else z + loop_highlight (z + (x / 2))
let () = print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ loop_highlight 7

Truncated results:

BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
┌──────────────────┐
│loop_highlight = 9│
├──────────────────┘
├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":1042:41-1044:58
├─x = 7
├─┬─────┐
│ │z = 3│
│ ├─────┘
│ └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":1043:8
└─┬──────────────────┐
  │loop_highlight = 6│
  ├──────────────────┘
  ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":1042:41-1044:58
  ├─x = 6
  ├─z = 2
  │ └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":1043:8
  └─┬──────────────────┐
    │loop_highlight = 4│
    ├──────────────────┘
    ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":1042:41-1044:58

When logging uses sexps and boxification, and the result is decomposed into a subtree, only the header of the result subtree is put in the header line, and the rest of the result subtree is just underneath it with a <returns> or a <values> header. Example showcasing the printbox-html backend:

Example showcasing the printbox-md (Markdown) backend:

Usage

Tracing only happens in explicitly marked lexical scopes. For extension points applied directly to bindings (let-definitions) only the let definition in scope for logging, the body of the definition(s) is considered outside the extension point. (But if the extension is over an expression with a nested let-binding, the body of the definition is in the scope of the extension.)

The entry extension points vary along three axes:

• %debug_ vs. %track_ vs. %diagn_

  • The prefix %debug_ means logging fewer things: only let-bound values and functions are logged, and functions only when either: directly in a %debug_-annotated let binding, or their return type is annotated.

  • %track_ also logs: which if, match, function branch is taken, for and while loops, and all functions, including anonymous ones.

  • The prefix %diagn_ means only generating logs for explicitly logged values, i.e. introduced by [%log ...], [%log_result ...], [%log_printbox ...] statements.

• Optional infixes _rt_ and _l_:

  • _rt_ adds a first-class module argument to a function, and unpacks it as module Debug_runtime for the scope of the function.

  • _l_ calls _get_local_debug_runtime, and unpacks it for the scope of the function: let module Debug_runtime = (val _get_local_debug_runtime ()) in ....

  • This functionality is "one use only": it applies only to the function the extension point is attached to.

• Representation and printing mechanism: _pp, _show, recommended: _sexp

  • _pp is currently most restrictive as it requires the type of a value to be an identifier. The identifier is converted to a pp_ printing function, e.g. pp_int.

  • _show converts values to strings via the %show extension provided by deriving.show: e.g. [%show: int list].

  • _sexp converts values to sexp expressions first using %sexp_of, e.g. [%sexp_of: int list]. The runtime can decide how to print the sexp expressions. The PrintBox backend allows to convert the sexps to box structures first, with the boxify_sexp_from_size setting. This means large values can be unfolded gradually for inspection.

Plus, there are non-entry extension points %log, %log_printbox and %log_result for logging values. They are not registered, which as a side effect should somewhat mitigate conflicts with other ppx extensions for logging. There's also an un-registered extension points %log_entry and %log_block for opening a log subtree; %log_entry is for arbitrary computations whereas %log_block's body is for logging purposes only.

See examples in the test directory, and especially the inline tests.

Only type-annotated let-bindings, function arguments, function results can be implicitly logged. However, the bindings and function arguments can be nested patterns with only parts of them type-annotated! The explicit loggers %log and %log_result take a value and reconstruct its type from partial type annotations (deconstructing the expression), sometimes assuming unknown types are strings. The %log_printbox logger takes a PrintBox.t value. The %log_entry and %log_block loggers takes a string value for the header of the log subtree.

To properly trace in concurrent settings, ensure that different threads use different log channels. For example, you can bind Debug_runtime locally: let module Debug_runtime = Minidebug_runtime.debug_file thread_name in ... Extension points with the _l_ or _rt_ infixes are a great help for that, e.g. %debug_l_sexp; see: Dealing with concurrent execution.

ppx_minidebug can be installed using opam. ppx_minidebug.runtime depends on printbox, ptime, mtime, sexplib0.

Breaking infinite recursion with max_nesting_depth and looping with max_num_children; Flushing-based traces

The PrintBox backend only produces any output when a top-level log entry gets closed. This makes it harder to debug infinite loops and especially infinite recursion. The setting max_nesting_depth terminates a computation when the given log nesting is exceeded. For example:

module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ())

let%debug_show rec loop_exceeded (x : int) : int =
  [%debug_interrupts
    { max_nesting_depth = 5; max_num_children = 1000 };
    let z : int = (x - 1) / 2 in
    if x <= 0 then 0 else z + loop_exceeded (z + (x / 2))]

let () =
  try print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ loop_exceeded 17
  with _ -> print_endline "Raised exception."

Similarly, max_num_children raises a failure when the given number of logs with the same parent is exceeded. For example:

module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ())

let%debug_show _bar : unit =
  [%debug_interrupts
    { max_nesting_depth = 1000; max_num_children = 10 };
    for i = 0 to 100 do
      let _baz : int = i * 2 in
      ()
    done]

The %debug_interrupts extension point emits the interrupt checks in a lexically delimited scope. For convenience, we offer the extension point %global_debug_interrupts which triggers emitting the interrupt checks in the remainder of the source preprocessed in the same process (its scope is therefore less well defined). For example:

module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ~values_first_mode:false ())

[%%global_debug_interrupts { max_nesting_depth = 5; max_num_children = 10 }]

let%debug_show rec loop_exceeded (x : int) : int =
  let z : int = (x - 1) / 2 in
  if x <= 0 then 0 else z + loop_exceeded (z + (x / 2))

let () =
  try print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ loop_exceeded 17
  with _ -> print_endline "Raised exception."

let%track_show bar () : unit =
  for i = 0 to 100 do
    let _baz : int = i * 2 in
    ()
  done

let () = try bar () with _ -> print_endline "Raised exception."

If that is insufficient, you can define a Debug_runtime using the debug_flushing builder. E.g. module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug_flushing ()), or module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug_flushing ~filename:"path/to/debugger_flushing" ()) (an extension .log will be added to the file name).

The logged traces are still indented, but if the values to print are multi-line, their formatting might be messy. The benefit of Flushing traces is that the output is flushed line-at-a-time, so no output should be lost if the traced program crashes. But in recent versions of ppx_minidebug, uncaught exceptions no longer break logging in the PrintBox runtime. The indentation is also smaller (half of PrintBox). Truncated example (using %debug_show):

BEGIN DEBUG SESSION at time 2023-03-02 23:19:40.763950 +01:00
2023-03-02 23:19:40.763980 +01:00 - foo begin "test/test_debug_show.ml":3:19-5:15
 x = 7
 foo = [7; 8; 16]
2023-03-02 23:19:40.764000 +01:00 - foo end
2023-03-02 23:19:40.764011 +01:00 - bar begin "test/test_debug_show.ml":10:19-10:73
 x = { Test_debug_show.first = 7; second = 42 }
 bar = 336
2023-03-02 23:19:40.764028 +01:00 - bar end
2023-03-02 23:19:40.764034 +01:00 - baz begin "test/test_debug_show.ml":13:19-14:67
 x = { Test_debug_show.first = 7; second = 42 }
 baz = 339
2023-03-02 23:19:40.764048 +01:00 - baz end
2023-03-02 23:19:40.764054 +01:00 - loop begin "test/test_debug_show.ml":17:24-23:9
 depth = 0
 x = { Test_debug_show.first = 7; second = 42 }
  "test/test_debug_show.ml":21:8: 
  2023-03-02 23:19:40.764073 +01:00 - loop begin "test/test_debug_show.ml":17:24-23:9
   depth = 1
   x = { Test_debug_show.first = 41; second = 9 }
    "test/test_debug_show.ml":21:8: 
    2023-03-02 23:19:40.764094 +01:00 - loop begin "test/test_debug_show.ml":17:24-23:9
     depth = 2
     x = { Test_debug_show.first = 8; second = 43 }
      "test/test_debug_show.ml":21:8: 
      2023-03-02 23:19:40.764109 +01:00 - loop begin "test/test_debug_show.ml":17:24-23:9
       depth = 3
       x = { Test_debug_show.first = 42; second = 10 }
        "test/test_debug_show.ml":21:8: 

Tracking: control flow branches, anonymous and insufficiently annotated functions

Using the %track_-prefix rather than %debug_-prefix to start a debug scope, or using the %debug_trace extension point inside a debug scope, enables more elaborate tracking of the execution path. It logs which if, match, function branch is taken. It logs the nesting and loop index of for loops, and the nesting of while loops. It logs functions even if the return type is not annotated, including anonymous functions; in particular, it logs type-annotated arguments of anonymous functions. To selectively disable these logs, use %debug_notrace. Note that it disables the logs on a lexical scope, not just on the annotated syntax node (e.g. a specific if or match expression).

If you get fewer logs than you expected, try converting %debug_ to %track_.

For example:

  let%track_show track_branches (x : int) : int =
    if x < 6 then
      match%debug_notrace x with
      | 0 -> 1
      | 1 -> 0
      | _ ->
          let result : int = if x > 2 then x else ~-x in
          result
    else
      match x with
      | 6 -> 5
      | 7 -> 4
      | _ ->
          let result : int = if x < 10 then x else ~-x in
          result

  let () =
    print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ track_branches 8;
    print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ track_branches 3

gives (assuming ~values_first_mode:false):

BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
"test/test_expect_test.ml":415:37-429:16: track_branches
├─x = 8
├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":424:6: <if -- else branch>
│ └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":427:8: <match -- branch 2>
│   └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":428:14: result
│     ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":428:44: <if -- then branch>
│     └─result = 8
└─track_branches = 8
8
"test/test_expect_test.ml":415:37-429:16: track_branches
├─x = 3
├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":417:6: <if -- then branch>
│ └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":421:14: result
│   └─result = 3
└─track_branches = 3
3

and

  let%track_show anonymous (x : int) =
    Array.fold_left ( + ) 0 @@ Array.init (x + 1) (fun (i : int) -> i)
  in
  print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ anonymous 3

gives:

BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
"test/test_expect_test.ml":516:32-517:70: anonymous
├─x = 3
├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":517:50-517:70: __fun
│ └─i = 0
├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":517:50-517:70: __fun
│ └─i = 1
├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":517:50-517:70: __fun
│ └─i = 2
└─"test/test_expect_test.ml":517:50-517:70: __fun
  └─i = 3
6

To disable, rather than enhance, debugging for a piece of code, you can use the %diagn_ extension points.

Explicit logging statements also help with tracking the execution, since they can be placed anywhere within a debug scope. Example from the test suite:

  let module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ~values_first_mode:false ()) in
  let%track_sexp result =
    let i = ref 0 in
    let j = ref 0 in
    while !i < 6 do
      [%log 1, "i=", (!i : int)];
      incr i;
      [%log 2, "i=", (!i : int)];
      j := !j + !i;
      [%log 3, "j=", (!j : int)]
    done;
    !j
  in
  print_endline @@ Int.to_string result;
  [%expect
    {|
    BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
    "test/test_expect_test.ml":2271:4: <while loop>
    ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2272:6: <while loop>
    │ ├─(1 i= 0)
    │ ├─(2 i= 1)
    │ └─(3 j= 1)
    ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2272:6: <while loop>
    │ ├─(1 i= 1)
    │ ├─(2 i= 2)
    │ └─(3 j= 3)
    ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2272:6: <while loop>
    │ ├─(1 i= 2)
    │ ├─(2 i= 3)
    │ └─(3 j= 6)
    ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2272:6: <while loop>
    │ ├─(1 i= 3)
    │ ├─(2 i= 4)
    │ └─(3 j= 10)
    ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2272:6: <while loop>
    │ ├─(1 i= 4)
    │ ├─(2 i= 5)
    │ └─(3 j= 15)
    └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2272:6: <while loop>
      ├─(1 i= 5)
      ├─(2 i= 6)
      └─(3 j= 21)
    21
        |}]

Using as a logging framework

ppx_minidebug can be used as a logging framework: its annotations can be stored permamently with the source code, rather than shyly added for a brief period of debugging. To allow this, there needs to be a mechanism of logging levels -- otherwise the system is slowed down too much, or even if performance is not an issue, the user is overwhelmed with the amount of logs. ppx_minidebug addresses these issues in a flexible way, by offering restriction of log levels both at compile time and at runtime.

The %diagn_ extension points (short for "diagnostic") are tailored for the "logging framework" use-case. Within the scope of a %diagn_ extension point, only explicit logs are generated. Therefore, one can freely add type annotations without generating debug logs. As a side-effect, %diagn_ annotations can be used to disable debugging for pieces of code where we need type annotations for code reasons, but do not have serialization/printing functions for the types.

In the PrintBox backend, logs accumulate until the current toplevel log scope is closed. This is unfortunate in the logging framework context, where promptly informing the user using the logs might be important. To remedy this, PrintBox_runtime offers the setting snapshot_every_sec. When set, if sufficient time has passed since the last output, the backend will output the whole current toplevel log scope. If possible, the previous snapshot of the same log scope is erased, to not duplicate information. The underlying mechanism is available as [snapshot] in the generic interface; it does nothing in the flushing backend. [snapshot] is useful when there's a risk of a "premature" exit of the debugged program or thread.

The log levels are integers intended to be within the range 0-9, where 0 means no logging at all. They can be provided explicitly by all extension entry points and all explicit logging extensions. When omitted, the log level of the enclosing log entry is used; the default for a top-level log entry is log level 1. The syntax for logging at a compile-time given level is by example: %debug2_sexp (log at level 2), %log3 (log at level 3), %log1_resut (log result at level 1), %diagn3_sexp (log at level 3) etc.

The %diagn_ extension points further restrict logging to explicit logs only. Example from the test suite:

  let module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ()) in
  let%diagn_show bar { first : int; second : int } : int =
    let { first : int = a; second : int = b } = { first; second = second + 3 } in
    let y : int = a + 1 in
    [%log "for bar, b-3", (b - 3 : int)];
    (b - 3) * y
  in
  let () = print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ bar { first = 7; second = 42 } in
  let%diagn_show baz { first : int; second : int } : int =
    let { first : int; second : int } = { first = first + 1; second = second + 3 } in
    [%log "for baz, f squared", (first * first : int)];
    (first * first) + second
  in
  let () = print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ baz { first = 7; second = 42 } in
  [%expect
    {|
      BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
      bar
      ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2972:21-2976:15
      └─("for bar, b-3", 42)
      336
      baz
      ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2979:10-2982:28
      └─("for baz, f squared", 64)
      109 |}]

At runtime, the level can be set via Minidebug_runtime.debug ~log_level or Minidebug_runtime.debug_file ~log_level at runtime creation, or via Debug_runtime.log_level := ... later on, also for the flushing backend. Check out the test suite test_expect_test.ml:"%log runtime log levels while-loop" for examples:

  let%track_rt_sexp result () : int =
    let i = ref 0 in
    let j = ref 0 in
    while !i < 6 do
      (* Intentional empty but not omitted else-branch. *)
      if !i < 2 then [%log1 "ERROR:", 1, "i=", (!i : int)] else ();
      incr i;
      [%log2 "WARNING:", 2, "i=", (!i : int)];
      j := (fun { contents } -> !j + contents) i;
      [%log3 "INFO:", 3, "j=", (!j : int)]
    done;
    !j
  in
  ...
  print_endline
  @@ Int.to_string
       (result
          Minidebug_runtime.(
            forget_printbox @@ debug ~log_level:2 ~global_prefix:"Warning" ())
          ());
  ...

At compile time, the level can be set for a scope with %log_level, or globally with %global_debug_log_level. (%log_level is not registered to minimize incompatibility with other logging frameworks.) For example:

[%%global_log_level 2]

let%track_sexp warning () : int =
  let i = ref 0 in
  let j = ref 0 in
  while !i < 6 do
    (* Intentional empty but not omitted else-branch. *)
    if !i < 2 then [%log1 "ERROR:", 1, "i=", (!i : int)] else ();
    incr i;
    [%log2 "WARNING:", 2, "i=", (!i : int)];
    j := (fun { contents } -> !j + contents) i;
    [%log3 "INFO:", 3, "j=", (!j : int)]
  done;
  !j

let () = print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ warning ()

This will not emit logging code that is above the stated log level. Note that the compile-time pruning of logging happens independently of the runtime log level! This gives more flexibility but can lead to confusing situations.

There's also a way to compile the code adaptively, using a shell environment variable: [%%global_debug_log_level_from_env_var "environment_variable_name"]. The variable name is case-sensitive, but the values should be integers.

The generated code will check that the compile-time adaptive pruning matches the runtime value of the environment variable. If that's an obstacle, use %%global_debug_log_level_from_env_var_unsafe which will not perform the check. Using %%global_debug_log_level_from_env_var_unsafe is very prone to workflow bugs where different parts of a codebase are compiled with different log levels, leading to confusing behavior.

Another example from the test suite, notice how the log level of %log1 overrides the parent log level of %debug3_show:

  let module Debug_runtime =
    (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ~log_level:2 ())
  in
  let%debug3_show () =
    let foo { first : int; second : int } : int =
      let { first : int = a; second : int = b } = { first; second = second + 3 } in
      let y : int = a + 1 in
      [%log "for foo, b-3", (b - 3 : int)];
      (b - 3) * y
    in
    let bar { first : int; second : int } : int =
      let { first : int = a; second : int = b } = { first; second = second + 3 } in
      let y : int = a + 1 in
      [%log1 "for bar, b-3", (b - 3 : int)];
      (b - 3) * y
    in
    let%debug2_show baz { first : int; second : int } : int =
      let { first : int; second : int } = { first = first + 1; second = second + 3 } in
      [%log "for baz, f squared", (first * first : int)];
      (first * first) + second
    in
    print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ foo { first = 7; second = 42 };
    print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ bar { first = 7; second = 42 };
    print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ baz { first = 7; second = 42 }
  in
  [%expect
    {|
    BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
    336
    ("for bar, b-3", 42)
    └─{orphaned from #5}
    336
    baz = 109
    ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":3343:29
    ├─first = 7
    ├─second = 42
    ├─{first; second}
    │ ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":3344:10
    │ └─<values>
    │   ├─first = 8
    │   └─second = 45
    └─("for baz, f squared", 64)
    109
    |}]

The extension point %log_result lets you benefit from the values_first_mode setting even when using only explicit logs. Conveying more information in headers lets you explore logs more quickly.

The extension point %log_printbox lets you embed a PrintBox.t in the logs directly. Example from the test suite:

  let module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ()) in
  let%debug_show foo () : unit =
    [%log_printbox
      PrintBox.init_grid ~line:5 ~col:5 (fun ~line ~col ->
          PrintBox.sprintf "%d/%d" line col)];
    [%log "No bars but pad:"];
    [%log_printbox
      PrintBox.(
        init_grid ~bars:false ~line:5 ~col:5 (fun ~line ~col ->
            pad @@ sprintf "%d/%d" line col))];
    [%log "Now with a frame:"];
    [%log_printbox
      PrintBox.(
        frame
        @@ init_grid ~line:5 ~col:5 (fun ~line ~col -> PrintBox.sprintf "%d/%d" line col))]
  in
  let () = foo () in
  [%expect
    {|
      BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
      foo = ()
      ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":3324:21-3337:91
      ├─0/0│0/1│0/2│0/3│0/4
      │ ───┼───┼───┼───┼───
      │ 1/0│1/1│1/2│1/3│1/4
      │ ───┼───┼───┼───┼───
      │ 2/0│2/1│2/2│2/3│2/4
      │ ───┼───┼───┼───┼───
      │ 3/0│3/1│3/2│3/3│3/4
      │ ───┼───┼───┼───┼───
      │ 4/0│4/1│4/2│4/3│4/4
      ├─"No bars but pad:"
      ├─
      │  0/0  0/1  0/2  0/3  0/4
      │
      │
      │  1/0  1/1  1/2  1/3  1/4
      │
      │
      │  2/0  2/1  2/2  2/3  2/4
      │
      │
      │  3/0  3/1  3/2  3/3  3/4
      │
      │
      │  4/0  4/1  4/2  4/3  4/4
      │
      ├─"Now with a frame:"
      └─┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
        │0/0│0/1│0/2│0/3│0/4│
        ├───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
        │1/0│1/1│1/2│1/3│1/4│
        ├───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
        │2/0│2/1│2/2│2/3│2/4│
        ├───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
        │3/0│3/1│3/2│3/3│3/4│
        ├───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
        │4/0│4/1│4/2│4/3│4/4│
        └───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘ |}

The extension point %log_entry lets you shape arbitrary log tree structures. The similar extension point %log_block ensures that its body doesn't get executed (resp. generated) when the current runtime (resp. compile-time) log level is inadequate. Example:

  let module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ~values_first_mode:false ()) in
  let%diagn_show _logging_logic : unit =
    let logify _logs =
      [%log_block
        "logs";
        let rec loop logs =
          match logs with
          | "start" :: header :: tl ->
              let more =
                [%log_entry
                  header;
                  loop tl]
              in
              loop more
          | "end" :: tl -> tl
          | msg :: tl ->
              [%log msg];
              loop tl
          | [] -> []
        in
        ignore (loop _logs)]
    in
    logify
      [
        "preamble";
        "start";
        "header 1";
        "log 1";
        "start";
        "nested header";
        "log 2";
        "end";
        "log 3";
        "end";
        "start";
        "header 2";
        "log 4";
        "end";
        "postscript";
      ]
  in
  [%expect
    {|
    BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
    "test/test_expect_test.ml":3605:17: _logging_logic
    └─logs
      ├─"preamble"
      ├─header 1
      │ ├─"log 1"
      │ ├─nested header
      │ │ └─"log 2"
      │ └─"log 3"
      ├─header 2
      │ └─"log 4"
      └─"postscript"
    |}]

%log_result, %log_printbox, %log_entry, %log_block also allow log-level specifications (e.g. %log2_block).

Specifying the level to log at via a runtime expression

The unregistered extension point [%at_log_level for_log_level; <body>] sets the default log level for logging expressions within <body> to for_log_level, which can be any expression with integer type.

To express the runtime-known levels to log at more concisely, we have extension points %logN, %logN_result, %logN_printbox, %logN_block (but not other extension points), by analogy to compile time levels where instead of the letter N there is a digit 1-9. With the letter N, the extension expressions take an extra argument that is the level to log at. For example, [%logN for_log_level; "message"] will log "message" when at runtime, for_log_level's value is at or below the current log level.

In particular, [%logN_block for_log_level "header"; <body>] is roughly equivalent to:

 if !Debug_runtime.log_level >= for_log_level then [%at_log_level for_log_level; [%log_entry "header"; <body>]]

Lexical scopes vs. dynamic scopes

We track lexical scoping: every log has access to the entry_id number of the lexical scope it is in. Lexical scopes are computations: bindings, functions, tracked code branches (even if not annotated with an extension point, but always within some ppx_minidebug registered extension point). There is also dynamic scoping: which entry a particular log actually ends up belonging in. We do not expose the (lexical) entry id of an individual log, except when the log "wandered" out of all dynamic scopes, or you passed ~verbose_entry_ids:true when creating a runtime. To be able to locate where such log originates from, pass ~print_entry_ids:true when creating the runtime, and look for the path line with the log's entry id. When the backend is HTML or Markdown, the entry id is a hyperlink to the anchor of the entry. Example from the test suite:

  let module Debug_runtime =
    (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ~print_entry_ids:true ())
  in
  let i = 3 in
  let pi = 3.14 in
  let l = [ 1; 2; 3 ] in
  (* Messing with the structure of the logs might lead to confusing output. *)
  let foo1 = ref @@ fun () -> () in
  let foo2 = ref @@ fun () -> () in
  let%debug_show bar callback : unit =
    foo1 :=
      fun () ->
        [%log "This is like", (i : int), "or", (pi : float), "above"];
        [%log "tau =", (pi *. 2. : float)];
        callback ()
  in
  let%debug_show baz callback : unit =
    foo2 :=
      fun () ->
        [%log i :: (l : int list)];
        [%log (i : int) :: l];
        callback ()
  in
  let () =
    bar !foo2;
    baz !foo1;
    bar !foo2
  in
  let () = !foo2 () in
  [%expect
    {|
          BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
          bar = ()
          └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2923:21-2928:19: {#1}
          baz = ()
          └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2930:21-2935:19: {#2}
          bar = ()
          └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2923:21-2928:19: {#3}
          [3; 1; 2; 3]
          └─{orphaned from #2}
          [3; 1; 2; 3]
          └─{orphaned from #2}
          ("This is like", 3, "or", 3.14, "above")
          └─{orphaned from #1}
          ("tau =", 6.28)
          └─{orphaned from #1} |}]

~verbose_entry_ids:true tags all logs with entry ids, it shouldn't be needed in regular use.

Reducing the size of generated logs

Summary of possibilities:

• log levels

• no_debug_if

• prune_upto

• truncate_children

• split_files_after

• HTML browsers can handle really large files (less luck with Markdown).

The log levels discussed in the previous section certainly reduce the amount generated, but they either help too little or they remove logs too indiscriminately for use in a debugging context. Dynamically controlling the runtime log level is one option, but there are some other options.

In the PrintBox backend, you can disable the logging of specified subtrees, when the output is irrelevant, would be a distraction, or the logs take up too much space. The test suite example:

  let%debug_show rec fixpoint_changes (x: int): int =
    let z: int = (x - 1) / 2 in
    (* The call [x = 2] is not printed because it is a descendant of
       the no-debug call [x = 4]. *)
    Debug_runtime.no_debug_if (x <> 6 && x <> 2 && (z + 1) * 2 = x);
    if x <= 0 then 0 else z + fixpoint_changes (z + x / 2) in
  print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ fixpoint_changes 7

leads to (assuming ~values_first_mode:false):

  "test/test_expect_test.ml":96:43-100:58: fixpoint_changes
  ├─x = 7
  ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":97:8: z
  │ └─z = 3
  ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":96:43-100:58: fixpoint_changes
  │ ├─x = 6
  │ ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":97:8: z
  │ │ └─z = 2
  │ ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":96:43-100:58: fixpoint_changes
  │ │ ├─x = 5
  │ │ ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":97:8: z
  │ │ │ └─z = 2
  │ │ └─fixpoint_changes = 4
  │ └─fixpoint_changes = 6
  └─fixpoint_changes = 9
  9

The no_debug_if mechanism requires modifying the logged sources, and since it's limited to cutting out subtrees of the logs, it can be tricky to select and preserve the context one wants. The highlighting mechanism with the prune_upto setting avoids these problems. You provide a search term without modifying the debugged sources. You can tune the pruning level to keep the context around the place the search term was found.

Setting the option truncate_children will only log the given number of children at each node, prioritizing the most recent ones. An example from the test suite:

  let module Debug_runtime =
    (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ~truncate_children:10 ~values_first_mode:false ()) in
  let () =
    let%track_show _bar : unit =
      for i = 0 to 30 do
        let _baz : int = i * 2 in
        ()
      done
    in
    ()
  in
  [%expect
    {|
    BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
    "test/test_expect_test.ml":350:26: _bar
    ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":351:8: <for loop>
    │ ├─<earlier entries truncated>
    │ ├─i = 26
    │ ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":351:12: <for i>
    │ │ └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":352:14: _baz
    │ │   └─_baz = 52
    │ ├─i = 27
    │ ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":351:12: <for i>
    │ │ └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":352:14: _baz
    │ │   └─_baz = 54
    │ ├─i = 28
    │ ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":351:12: <for i>
    │ │ └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":352:14: _baz
    │ │   └─_baz = 56
    │ ├─i = 29
    │ ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":351:12: <for i>
    │ │ └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":352:14: _baz
    │ │   └─_baz = 58
    │ ├─i = 30
    │ └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":351:12: <for i>
    │   └─"test/test_expect_test.ml":352:14: _baz
    │     └─_baz = 60
    └─_bar = () |}]

If you provide the split_files_after setting, the logging will transition to a new file after the current file exceeds the given number of characters. However, the splits only happen at the "toplevel", to not interrupt laying out the log trees. If required, you can remove logging indicators from your high-level functions, to bring the deeper logic log trees to the toplevel. This matters when you prefer Markdown output over HTML output -- in my experience, Markdown renderers (VS Code Markdown Preview, GitHub Preview) fail for files larger than 2MB, while browsers easily handle HTML files of over 200MB (including via VS Code Live Preview).

Navigating large logs

There are a few ways ppx_minidebug is helpful with large logs. You can:

• Use the HTML backend with foldable trees. Unlike with the Markdown backend, HTML browsers can render really large files.

• Set elapsed_times to see how much time was spent in a subtree even if it is folded.

• Use ~time_tagged:Elapsed to keep track of when in the course of the program particular entries are computed.

• Enable the Table of Contents feature by e.g. passing ~with_toc_listing:true; tune toc_entry so that the tables of contents are concise enough to provide an overview.

The table of contents generation is enabled via ~with_toc_listing:true or ~toc_flame_graph:true or both (for file-based runtimes -- via table_of_contents_ch for channel-based runtimes). This will create an additional file (name ending in -toc), mirroring the main logs in a summarized way. Selected log headers are output there preserving the tree structure, and for ~with_toc_listing:true they look the same as in the main file except there is no folding. The headers are hyperlinks pointing to the main log file (or files, if file splitting is enabled). For ~toc_flame_graph:true, the entries are put in boxes, like in the depicted example from the test suite. Presenting two configurations here:

Note: if your flame graph trees run into each other, try setting ~flame_graph_separation:50 or higher.

If you collaborate with someone or take notes, you can pass ~print_entry_ids:true. In HTML and Markdown, this will output links to the anchors of the corresponding log entries. You can share them to point to specific log file locations.

Example demonstrating foldable trees in Markdown:

module Debug_runtime =
  (val Minidebug_runtime.debug_file ~elapsed_times:Microseconds ~hyperlink:"./"
         ~backend:(`Markdown Minidebug_runtime.default_md_config)
         ~truncate_children:4 "debugger_sexp_time_spans")

let sexp_of_int i = Sexplib0.Sexp.Atom (string_of_int i)

let () =
  let%debug_sexp rec loop (x : int) : int =
    Array.fold_left ( + ) 0
    @@ Array.init
         (20 / (x + 1))
         (fun i ->
           let z : int = i + ((x - 1) / 2) in
           if x <= 0 then i else i + loop (z + (x / 2) - i))
  in
  print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ loop 3

Inlined example output, using the Markdown backend for PrintBox. Note that the elapsed time is wallclock time (see mtime) and is due to fluctuate because of e.g. garbage collection or external system events.

BEGIN DEBUG SESSION

Providing the necessary type information

We only implicitly log values of identifiers, located inside patterns, for which the type is provided in the source code, in a syntactically close / related location. PPX rewriters do not have access to the results of type inference. We extract the available type information, but we don't do it perfectly. We propagate type information top-down, merging it, but we do not unify or substitute type variables.

Here is a probably incomplete list of the restrictions:

• When types for a (sub) pattern are specified in multiple places, they are combined by matching syntactically, the type variable alternatives are discarded. The type that is closer to the (sub) pattern is preferred, even if selecting a corresponding type in another place would be better.

• When faced with a binding of a form: let pattern = (expression : type_), we make use of type_, but we ignore all types nested inside expression, even if we decompose pattern.

  • For example, let%track_sexp (x, y) = ((5, 3) : int * int) works -- logs both x and y. Also work: let%track_sexp ((x, y) : int * int) = (5, 3) and let%track_sexp ((x : int), (y : int)) = (5, 3). But let%track_sexp (x, y) = ((5 : int), (3 : int)) will not log anything!

• We ignore record and variant datatypes when processing record and variant constructor cases. That's because there is no generic(*) way to extract the types of the arguments.

  • (*) Although polymorphic variant types can be provided inline, we decided it's not worth the effort supporting them.

  • We do handle tuple types and the builtin array type (they are not records or variants).

    • For example, this works: let%track_sexp { first : int; second : int } = { first = 3; second =7 } -- but compare with the tuple examples above, the alternatives provided above would not work for records.

  • Hard-coded special cases: we do decompose the option type and the list type. For example: let%track_show f : int option -> unit = function None -> () | Some _x -> () in f (Some 3) will log the value of _x.

• Another example of only propagating types top-down:

  • let%track_show f (l : int option) : int = match l with Some y -> ... will not log y when f is applied (but it will log l).

  • Both let%track_show f : int option -> int = function Some y -> ... and let%track_show f l : int = match (l : int option) with Some y -> ... will log y.

• We try reconstructing or guessing the types of expressions logged with %log and %log_result, see details below.

As a help in debugging whether the right type information got propagated, we offer the extension %debug_type_info (and %global_debug_type_info). (The display strips module qualifiers from types.) %debug_type_info is not an entry extension point (%global_debug_type_info is). Example from the test suite:

  let module Debug_runtime = (val Minidebug_runtime.debug ()) in
  [%debug_show
    [%debug_type_info
      let f : 'a. 'a -> int -> int = fun _a b -> b + 1 in
      let g : 'a. 'a -> int -> 'a -> 'a -> int = fun _a b _c _d -> b * 2 in
      let () = print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ f 'a' 6 in
      print_endline @@ Int.to_string @@ g 'a' 6 'b' 'c']];
  [%expect
    {|
      BEGIN DEBUG SESSION
      f : int = 7
      ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":1446:37-1446:54
      └─b : int = 6
      7
      g : int = 12
      ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":1447:49-1447:72
      └─b : int = 6
      12 |}]

You can also use at the module level: [%%global_debug_type_info true], prior to the code of interest.

Explicit logging with %log (and %log_result) has different but related restrictions compared to logging of let or argument bindings. We reconstruct the type of the expression from partial type information, where in addition to type annotations we take into account: string, int and float literals, tuple, array, list, and lazy expresssions. We do not analyze applications, nor constructors other than "nil" [] and "cons" :: for lists. When a type is unknown, for the whole expression and for a tuple element we assume the type string. We don't assume string for direct subexpressions of arrays, lists, and lazy.

Dealing with concurrent execution

For programs with threads or domains running concurrently, you need to ensure that each thread uses its own instance of a debug runtime, writing to its own log file. Currently, ppx_minidebug doesn't do any checks to prevent abuse: using the same debug runtime instance from multiple threads or opening the same file by multiple debug runtime instances.

We offer three helpers for dealing with multiple debug runtimes. There is an optional runtime instance-level setting global_prefix, which adds the given information to all log headers coming from the instance.

There are extension points %debug_l_sexp, %track_l_sexp, etc. They call a function _get_local_debug_runtime () and unpack the argument as module Debug_runtime (in a function body). The feature helps using a runtime instance dedicated to a thread or domain, since for example _get_local_debug_runtime can retrieve the runtime using Domain.DLS. To avoid surprises, in case of directly annotated functions, this feature unpacks a Debug_runtime inside the function body, so that we get the appropriate runtime for the dynamic local scope.

NOTE: it's important to annotate functions that might be called from threads (spawned domains) using the _l_ variants of extension points, e.g. %debug_l_sexp (not %debug_sexp!). For clearest output, should configure _get_local_debug_runtime () to return the same runtime as the Debug_runtime module that is in a file-wide scope, when called from the main thread / main domain.

Example from the test suite:

  let i = ref 0 in
  let _get_local_debug_runtime () =
    Minidebug_runtime.debug_flushing ~global_prefix:("foo-" ^ string_of_int !i) ()
  in
  let%track_l_show foo () =
    let () = () in
    ()
  in
  while !i < 5 do
    incr i;
    foo ()
  done;
  [%expect
    {|
    BEGIN DEBUG SESSION foo-1
    foo-1 foo begin "test/test_expect_test.ml":3783:28:
    foo-1 foo end

    BEGIN DEBUG SESSION foo-2
    foo-2 foo begin "test/test_expect_test.ml":3783:28:
    foo-2 foo end

    BEGIN DEBUG SESSION foo-3
    foo-3 foo begin "test/test_expect_test.ml":3783:28:
    foo-3 foo end

    BEGIN DEBUG SESSION foo-4
    foo-4 foo begin "test/test_expect_test.ml":3783:28:
    foo-4 foo end

    BEGIN DEBUG SESSION foo-5
    foo-5 foo begin "test/test_expect_test.ml":3783:28:
    foo-5 foo end
    |}]

Another similar feature is the extension points %debug_rt_sexp, %track_rt_sexp, etc. They add a first-class module argument to a function, and unpack the argument as module Debug_runtime. At present, passing of the runtime instance to functions needs to be done manually. Note that only the function attached to the _rt_ extension point is modified.

Example from the test suite:

  let%track_rt_show foo l : int =
    match (l : int list) with [] -> 7 | y :: _ -> y * 2
  in
  let () =
    print_endline @@ Int.to_string
    @@ foo
         (Minidebug_runtime.debug ~global_prefix:"foo-1" ())
         [ 7 ]
  in
  let%track_rt_show baz : int list -> int = function
    | [] -> 7
    | [ y ] -> y * 2
    | [ y; z ] -> y + z
    | y :: z :: _ -> y + z + 1
  in
  let () =
    print_endline @@ Int.to_string
    @@ baz
         Minidebug_runtime.(forget_printbox @@ debug ~global_prefix:"baz-1" ())
         [ 4 ]
  in
  let () =
    print_endline @@ Int.to_string
    @@ baz
         Minidebug_runtime.(forget_printbox @@ debug ~global_prefix:"baz-2" ())
         [ 4; 5; 6 ]
  in
  [%expect
    {|
      BEGIN DEBUG SESSION foo-1
      foo = 14
      ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2029:25-2030:55
      └─foo-1 <match -- branch 1> :: (y, _)
        ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2030:50-2030:55
        └─y = 7
      14

      BEGIN DEBUG SESSION baz-1
      baz = 8
      ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2040:15-2040:20
      ├─baz-1 <function -- branch 1> :: (y, [])
      └─y = 4
      8

      BEGIN DEBUG SESSION baz-2
      baz = 10
      ├─"test/test_expect_test.ml":2042:21-2042:30
      ├─baz-2 <function -- branch 3> :: (y, :: (z, _))
      ├─y = 4
      └─z = 5
      10 |}]